
Book_Jii: 






} At^)^ '^'niui'^^t^kX ^TtL&ty^ f^T^, 




O'^. 






^^ .^i,,.'^''^^..^ ^^f,^^'^v>^ ^^ 





O^Lvt OV >^(XL^«_ 







A 



GRAMMAR. 



OF THE 



BY W: B: BOYCE. 

WESLEYAN MISSIONARY. 






^i^ai^ iL^^^w^®!!^ 



CiKAHAM's Tower, 

PRINTED AT THE WESLEYAN MISSION PRESS 

1834. 






1^- 









DEDICATION. 



TO THE 

REV. WILLXAM SHAW, 

WESLEYAN MINISTER. 



Dear Brother, 

My respected brethren in the Ministry, as well as myself feel, that 
to no one could this, the Jirst Kafir Grammar ever printed, be inscribed with 
more propriety than to the Jirst Wesleyan Missionary in KafFraria. 

We do not however view you merely as our Pioneer in the moral wil- 
derness in which we labour ; we have reason thankfully to acknowledge the 
measure of success with which the Divine Blessing has accompanied your 
various plans for the extension of the Work of God, both in the Colony and 
among the Tribes beyond the Colonial Frontier. While we ascribe the Praise 
and Glory to Him, to whom alone Praise and Glory are due, we feel no 
small pleasure in honouring you as the inst7^ument by whose agency so much 
good has been effected, and we rejoice in this, that in addition to the affecti- 
onate regards with which our private friendship would prompt us to address 
you, we are also bound highly to respect and honour you for your work's 

SAKE. 

I remain. 

For myself and bretliren. 

Your affectionate and obliged, 

W. B. BOYCE. 

Grahams Town, February, 6th 1834. 



■"0^ 



PRE F AC 



A-S the circulation of the following pages will probably be confined to 
Missionaries, whose duties and necessities obhge them to acquire the 
language of the people among whom they labour, and to a few literary cha- 
racters who feel interested in tracing the analogies and dissimilarities of the 
various Languages spoken in Southern Africa, it will be unnecessary for me 
to apologize for the errors and omissions they may discover, as such indivi- 
duals are well aware of the difficulties which attend the composition of the 
first Grammar of any language. 

I would recommend my Missionary Brethren to make use of an inter- 
leaved Copy, requesting them carefully to note such corrections and addi- 
tions as in the course of their daily speaking and translating they may deem 
necessary.. They will not be surprised at not finding a Section devoted 
to Syntax, as the Rules of Syntactical construction are anticipated in the 
Etymological portion of the Grammar. 



PREFACE. 

I have endeavoured to express and illustrate the Grammatical principles 
of this curious Language as briefly as possible, and in thus aiming at brevity, 
I may perhaps have been in some instances obscure ; but I trust that there 
^vill be found no difficulties arising from this cause, which a moderate share 
of attention w^ill not easily evercome. • 

It now remains for me to acknowledge my obligations to my young friend 
Mr. Theophilus Shepstone, without whose efficient assistance, I should not 
have been able to complete my task with any degree of satisfaction to myself 
or benefit to others. 

A few errors of the Press have escaped correction, but they are so obvi- 
ous that this notice of them will be sufficient. 



Grahams Town, February 5th, 1834. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS, 



Page. 

Section 1st. Letters, Spelling and Pronunciation 1 

2nd. Division and Derivation of words, &c 3 

3rd. Nouns 4 

4th. Adjectives , 10 

5th. Pronouns 13 

6th. Verbs 21 

7th. Vowel Verbs, and Verbs irregular in the inflected Tenses 44 

8th. Adverbs, Conjunctions and Prepositions .52 



A 

GRAMMAR 

OF THE 

KAFIR LANGUAGE 

SECTION 1st. 
Letters, Spelling, and Pronunciation. 

1. The Kafir Alphabet consists of twenty six letters, represented by the Roman Character : 
five of these are vowels, seventeen are consonants, one is a guttural of peculiar harshness, and three 
are clicks representing sounds totally unknown in the European languages. 

VOWELS. 

2. The Vowels are, a, e, i. o, u, and are thus sounded, 
a long as a in the English word Father. 

„ pad. 



3> 


short „ a 


e 


long „ a 


5> 


short „ e 


i 


long „ ee 


53 


short „ i 





long „ o 


3> 


short „ 


u 


long „ 00 


)5 


short „ u 



bate. 

bet. 

feet. 

fit. 

pole. 

pot. 

boot. 

sun. 

3. The vowels are long when initial in a word, and when situated in the accented syllable. 

CONSONANTS. 

4. The Consonants are b, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, m, n, p, s, t, v, w, y, z, and are sounded as in English, 
the g, being always hard as in 'give'. 

5. It may be useful to observe that p, t, v, f, h, together with the clicks and the guttural are 
never used in the inflexions of words but are always radicals. 

GUTTURAL. 

6. The Guttm-al r, has two sounds, 

soft, like the Dutch g, heard in the Kafir word 'rola' i: 

harsh and peculiarly deep toned as in the word 'irara*. 

The sound of r, as it is found in other languages does not exist in Kafir, and when the Kafirs 
attempt to pronounce it they invariably give the sound of 1 : in words of foreign origin it is sounded 
as the English. 

A 



CLICKS. 

7. The letters c, q, x, represent sounds which only can be learnt from a Native, and which perhaps 
will never be properly pronounced by an Adult European who has not acquired them in his youth. 

C, is called the Dental, because in articulating it the tongue is placed against the front teeth. 

Q, is called the Palatal, as it requires the tip of ths tongue to be turned up to the palate. 

X, is called the Lateral, as it is articulated at the sides of the mouth. 

8. The sounds which c, and q, represent in English are supplied in Kafir by k, s, and kw : the 
soiled of X English as heard in ex, is not found in Kafir. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

9. The Diphthongs are au, ai, ei, oi, as follows, 

au, pronounced as ow, in the English word howl, and in the Kafir word gaula. 

ai, „ i, „ „ wine, „ ,. hai, 

ei, „ ei, „ „ eight, „ „ weiza. 

oi, „ oy, „ „ boy, „ „ oi, (exclamation.) 

but the diphthongal sound of the three latter is doubtfril. 

COMPOUND CONSONANTS. 



10. The consonants the cUcks and the guttural combine with each other : the following are the prin- 
cipal which occur. — 



Bh aa 


in the Kafir wore 


I bhala 


Cw - 


- 


cwecula 


Gc - 


-- 


gcina 


Gew 


- 


ingcwele 


Nc - 


_ 


nceda 


New 


_ 


ncwaba 


Qw - 


. 


qwesha 


Gq - 


- 


gqita 


Gqw - 


- 


igqwihra 


Nq - 


- 


inqina 


Nqw - 


- 


nqwaba 


Xw - 


. 


xwila 


Gx - 


■- 


gxota 


Gxw - 


- 


gxwala 


Nx - 


. 


nxama 


Nxw - 


. 


nxwema 


Rw -= 


. 


rweca 


Xr - 


. 


xrela 


Dw - 


. 


dwila 


Dy - 


m 


dyoba 


Dyw - 


- 


dywaba 


Gw 


> 


gweba 


Gy - 


- 


indyebo 


HI - 


- 


umhla 



Hwl as 


in the Kafir 


word ihlwempu 


Thl - 


. 


inthlu 


Thlu - 


A 


thlwini 


Hw - 


_ 


umhwahwalala 


Jw - 


- 


ijwaba 


Khl - 


. 


inkhliziyo 


Kw - 


^ 


kwela 


Lw - 


.. 


Iwenu 


Nhy - 


- 


inhyobo 


Nhyw- 


- 


inhyweba 


Nw - 


- 


inwele 


Ny - 


- 


nyuka 


Sh - 


. 


shushu 


Shw - 


' 


ishweshwe 


Sw - 


. 


umswi 


Ts - 


. 


intsika 


Tsh - 


« 


tshisa 


Tshw- 


. 


tshwila 


Tsw - 


. 


tswina 


Tw - 


- 


itwecu 


Ty - 


- 


ityala 


Tyw - 


- 


tywila 


Zw - 


■> 


ilizwe 



There is a peculiar sound heard in a few words which perhaps is occasioned by the coaiesceiice; 
of two clicks, and may be thus written : 
imunqcu : sour, brack, 
qcamata : to stick. 
The Missionaries of the Glasgow Society use dzh for j,— dzhendzhanlna, tl for thl, as aman- 
tla : but the variation in the systems of orthography are so trifling as to cause no difficulty to the 
learner. 

For examples of the various sounds see the Rev. Mr. Bennie's Spelling Book published af: 
Tyumie 1829, from which and from the Vocabulary most of the above are taken. 



ACCENT 



il. The accent is always on the penultimate with some few exceptions : in compound words there 
is also a secondary accent very slight upon that syllable of the first word which would have taken 
the accent if standing alone. 



SYLLABICATION. 

12. No consonant ends a syllable except m and n. 

READING. 



13. In reading Kafir observe, that every letter is sounded : that the ringing sound of n, is always 
heard (tho' not always written) at the end of a word when the following word begins with g, d or j. 



SECTION 2nd. 
Division and Derivation of Words &c. 

^> — 



1. The usual division of words into Nine classes, namely the Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, 
Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection, suits with equal propriety the words of 
the Kafir Language. 

2 Properly speaking there is no Article in the Kafir : but its place is supplied by the prefixes 
of the Nouns and the demonstrative pronoun : the prefixes [^see nouns.^ are analogous to 
what is usually termed the Indefinite article a or an : the demonstrative pronoun is used to express 
emphasis or distinction and more resembles the Latin Hie than the English definite Article The. 

S. The Adjectives of the Kafir language are very few, and in their prefixes resemble the Noun- 
Substantives : certain forms of the Verb are used as adjectives, and are subject to all the changes 
of prefix to which adjectives are subject in their union with the Nouns they qualify. 

4. The second person singular of the Imperative mood of the verb, may be considered as the root 
from which the other words, especially the nouns are derived. By prefixes to this part of the verb 
and sometimes by a slight change in termination the Kalfirs form Nouns verbal, abstract, con- 
crete, &c. which though never heard as Nouns before in that form would be readily understood 
by every Kafir who understood the meaning of the word from whence they are derived, thus from 

Hamba, to v/alk, comes, Umhambi, a walker, Ukuhamba, to walk, or walking, 

Lunika, beware, or take care, comes Ubulumko, wisdom, Umlumki, or Ilumko, a wise man, 

EUPHONIC CONCORD. 

5. The Kafir Language is distinguished by one peculiarity which immediately strikes a student 
whose views of language have been formed upon the examples aflPorded by the inflected languages 
of Ancient and Modern Europe : with the exception of a change of termination in the Ablative 
case of the Noun, and five changes of which the verb is susceptible in its principal tenses, the whole 
business of declension, conjugation, &c. is carried on by prefixes, and by the changes which take 
place in the initial letters or syllables of words subject to Grammatical government : as these chan- 
ges in addition to the precision they communicate to the Language promote its Euphony, and 
cause the frequent repitition of the same letter as initial to many words in a sentence, this peculia- 
rity upon which the whole Grammar of the Language depends has been termed the euphonic of 

ALLITERAL CONCORD* 



GENDERS. 



6. The distinction of Genders which are of so much importance in the Grammars of most langua- 
ges, have but little influence in the Kafir language : only four prefixes, out of fifteen by which the 
forms of the Nouns are distinguished, vary in their plurals, and only two in their government accor- 
ding as they apply to persons or things ; In all other cases the prefix of the noun, not its mean- 
ing, determines the changes which must take place in its adjective, pronoun or verb. 

7, Two distinctions of Gender may be noticed : persons, including both sexes : things, or neu- 
ters : but this division is of no use in the Grammar of the language except in reference to the two 
prefixes above mentioned. Qsee nouns.^ 



SECTION 3rd. 
Nouns. 



1. Nouns are of two numbers, the singular, and the plural, which are distinguished by their pre- 
fixes : the singular prefixes are i, in, im, ili, isi, u, um, ulu, ubu, uku : the plural prefixes are 
AMA, o, izi, ABA, iMi : IN, and im, are frequently used as plural prefixes contracted from izin, izim, : 
UBU, UKU, which are the usual prefixes of abstract and verbal nouns have no plural forms. 

2. The changes of the singular prefixes into their corresponding plurals are effected according to 
tlie following rules, from which it will appear that only four prefixes in, u, um, ulu vary their plu- 
ral forms on account of the Genders of the words to which they are prefixed. 

formation of the plurals of nouns. 

1st. I is changed into ama : as ihashe, amahashe. 

2nd. In, im, when prefixed to Nouns of the Neuter Gender are generally the same in the plural 
as in the singular : but very often the original uncontracted forms izin, izim are used : the Zulus 
always use these forms : as Inthlu, izinthlu : Imvu, izimvu. 

In, when prefixed to Nouns of the Personal Gender changes into ama ; as Indoda, Inkaza- 
na, Inkwenkwe, Inkosikazi, Inyati, Inkosi, Inyala : Amadoda &c : sometimes the plural Izi, is used. 

3rd. Ili, is changed into ama : as Ilizwi ; Amazwi. But IHso makes Amehlo. 

-ith. Isi, is changed into izi : as Isitya : Izitya ; 

5th. U, when prefixed to Nouns of the personal Gender changes into o, : as Udade, Odade ; 
Urebe, Orebe, 

U, when prefixed to Nouns of the Neuter Gender changes into in : as Usana, Usapo, 
Utango : Insana, Insapo, &c. 

6th Um, when prefixed to Nouns of the personal Gender changes into aba : as, Umfazi, 
Abafazi. 

Um, when prefixed to Nouns of the Neuter Gender changes into imi, as Umlambo, Imi- 
lambo. 

Um, when prefixed to Nouns denoting distinction of Clan or Nation, changes into ama, 
as Umxosa, Amaxosa. 

7th. Ulu, when prefixed to Nouns of ihe Personal Gender changes into aba, as 
Uluntu, Abantu, CJlutsha, Abatsha. 

Ulu, when prefixed to Nouns of the Neuter Gender changes into izin, as Uluti, Izinti. 

8th. Ubu, Uku, have no distinct forms of the plural, and the Nouns to which they are prefix- 
ed are seldom used in a plural sense. 



o 

3. There is a peculiarity m the pronounciation of the plurals of Neuter prefixes which come under 
the 5th. Rule, which must be noticed lest the learner should imagine exceptions where there are 
none : when the plural in comes before s : the s is sounded as ts : thus Usana : plural Insana 
is pronounced Intsana. 

GENDERS OF NOUNS. 

4. The distinction of Personal and Neuter Gender is sufficient for the regulation of Grammatical 
construction, as the distinction between Masculine and Feminine has no influence, and is of no ser- 
vice in the Grammar of the Language ; the Personal Gender includes the Masculine and Feminine : 
the Feminine is sometimes distinguished from the Masculine by the termination kazi, but more fre- 
quently by the use of a different word : as, 

Ihashe : a horse. Ihashekazi. a mare. 

Inkosi : a chief. Inkosikazi. a chief's wife. 

Inja : a dog. Injakazi. a bitch. 

5. There is a pecuharity in the words for Father and Mother, which must be noticed, 

Ubawo, my Father. Uma, my Mother. 

Uyihlo, thy Father. Unyoko, thy Mother. 

Uyise, his Father. Unina, his Mother. 

6. It must be kept in mind that several words, which are Neuter in sense follow the analogies of 
Personal Nouns, and also many Nouns relating to persons, form their plurals &c. like Neuter 
Nouns of the same prefix : such anomalies abound in all Languages, and the Kafir is compara- 
tively free from them, though they occasionally occur : thus Intombi, a girl, is always used as a 
Neuter : Inkosi, a chief, follows the analogies of Neuter Nouns, but sometimes takes the plural 
of the Personal Nouns in in, many of these irregularities have probably originated in Dialectic 
peculiarities. 

7. It is desirable to class the Prefixes of Nouns according to the Euphonic letter which they go- 
vern in construction with other Nouns, and with Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs and Adverbs : by 
dividing the prefixes into Classes, much repetition will be avoided and the application of the Rules 
of the Euphonic Concord easily understood. 

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS. 

8. Nouns may be divided into twelve Classes or Declensions eight of which comprise the singular 
prefixes, and four those of the plural. 

I. Declension contains Nouns of the Personal Gender beginning with the prefixes u and um. 

Nouns of this Declension take w for their Euphonic Letter. 
II. Declension contains Nouns beginning with the prefixes i, and ill 
Nouns of this Declension take l, for their Euphonic Letter. 

III. Declension contains Nouns beginning with the prefixes in and im. 
Nouns of this Declension take y for their Euphonic Letter. 

IV. Declension contains Nouns beginning with the prefix isi. 

Nouns of this Declension take s for their Euphonic Letter. 

V. Declension contains Nouns of the Neuter Gender beginning with the Prefix u, and Nouns 
beginning with the prefix ulu. 

Nouns of this Declension take lw, for their Euphonic Syllable ; but sometimes the sound 
of l, only is heard. 

VI. Declension contains Nouns of the Neuter Gender beginning with the Prefix um. 

Nouns of this Declension take w, for their Euphonic Letter : the necessity of separating 
this Declension from Declension I, will be seen when the Pronouns and Verbs are under consid^ 
eration. 



6 

VII. Declension contains Nouns beginning with the Prefix ubu. 
Nouns of this Declension take B, for their Euphonic Letter. 
VlII. Declension contains Nouns beginning with the Prefix uku. [^Sometimes in the infinitives 
of verbs ukw, uko.]] 

Nouns of this Declension take kw, for their Euphonic Syllable, but sometimes the sound of 
K, only is heard. 

The four following Declensions contain Nouns in the Plural Number only. 

IX. Declension contains plural Nouns beginning with the Prefixes o, and aba. 
Nouns of this Declension take b, for their Euphonic Letter. 
X. Declension contains plural Nouns beginning with the Prefix ama. 

Nouns of this Declension take a, for their Euphonic Letter, but it must be observed that 
this Euphonic letter is usually found to coalesce with the vowels before which by Grammatical 
rule it ought to be placed, and by this means it changes u, into o ; and i, into e : the other vowels 
a, e, o, are uninfluenced by it, excepting that they are in such cases pronounced with a stronger, 
broader sound which may be mistaken for the sound of w. 

XL Declension contains plural Nouns beginning with the Prefixes in, im, izi, izin, and izim. 
Nouns of this Declension take z, for their Euphonic Letter. 
XII. Declension contains plural Nouns beginning with the Prefix imi. 
Nouns of this Declension take y, for their Euphonic Letter. 

9. Care must be taken not to confound Declension VII, with Declension IX ; or Declension III, 
with Declension XII : the observation under Declension VI, applies to all these cases. 

10. There are a few apparent exceptions to these rules, but they are only apparent, not real ones 
these apparent exceptions are contractions : thus Isonka and Isanthla take s, for their Euphonic 
letter ; though at first sight they appear to belong to Declension II, they in reality belong to 
Declension IV, being contractions from the prefix isi, so also the words Utyani, Utyalwa take b, 
for their Euphonic Letter ; though they appear to belong to Declension V, they belong to Declen- 
sion VII, being contractions from Ubutyani, Ubutyalwa. In all cases where n, follows i, and pre- 
cedes a click of which it forms a part as in the word inqina, there is a danger of considering 
such words as belonging to Declension III, whereas they belong to Declension II, the prefix being . 
I, and not in. 

11. It will be necessary to bear in mind that the Dutch and the English words which have been in- 
troduced into the Kafir Language, as names for objects with which the Kafirs were previously un- 
acquainted, usually take the Prefix i with the Euphonic Letter of the Prefix in. To avoid endless 
mistakes and to guard as much as possible against the introduction of numerous anomalies in the 
Syntax of the Language, it is desirable that Missionaries and others in translating the Scriptures 
should prefix um singular, and aba plural to the names of Sects, Offices &c. as UmPriest, UmPha- 
nsee, AbaPriest, AbaLevite. 

12. The above Classification of Nouns should be carefully committed to memory, as each Declen- 
sion is connected in a peculiar manner with its pronoun, adjective, verb, and with other nouns in 
the Genitive case or in apposition. 

CASES OF NOUNS. 

13. The distinction of case is chiefly observable in the Genitive, Vocative, and Ablative cases of 
Nouns : but as the pronouns have an accusative and dative case, it will be convenient to assign Six 
cases to the declinable words of the Kafir Language : namely the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
Accusative, Vocative and Ablative. 

14. The Nominative case is distinguished by the prefix which answers the end of the indefinite ar- 
ticle A or AN in English : the Demonstrative pronoun is sometimes used as the Definite Article 
each class of prefixes has its own form of the Definite or Demonstrative pronoun : \j,ee pronouns.^ 



GENITIVE CASE, 



15. The Genitive case is formed as follows : — 

1st. By prefixing the Euphonic letter of the governing noun to the prefix of the noun which is 
governed in the Genitive case : 

2nd. When the Euphonic letter is thus prefixed to the prefix of another noun, the vowels u, i, 
of the prefix are changed into o, e : 

3rd. When ama, is the prefix of the word governing, no Euphonic letter is used, but the vowels 
u, I of the prefix of the word governed are changed into o, e ; when a, o, e, are initial vowels in 
Nouns, or Pronouns in the Genitive governed by the prefix ama, they experience no change : 

4th. Before Nouns which are names of persons ka, is prefixed as the sign of the Genitive, 
and frequently a syllable formed from the Euphonic letter and its vowel, is prefixed to ka for the 
sake of precision. 

16. The following table which exhibits at one view the various Declensions of Nouns and the man- 
ner in which they govern each other in the Genitive case, will make the preceeding rules plain, and 
easy of application. But it will be necessary to observe that Nouns of Declensions I. III. VI. VIII. 
X. XII. when they govern Nouns which are proper .names, seldom prefix the Euphonic syllable to 
KA :as, Umfazi ka Pato : Inkosi ka Bawo : Imiti ka Kama : seldom Umfazi waka Pato : Inkosi 
yika Bawo : &c. 

Prefixes governed in the Genitive Case by the Prefixes in the first Column. 



PREFIXES. 


1 1. 


II. 


III. 


1 iV. 


V. 


VI. 


1 Vll. 


1 Via. 


1 IX. 


X. 


1 XI. 1 


XI 1. 


PER- 




























SONS. 


u &c. 


I&C. 


IN &C. 


ISI 


u &c. 


um 


UBU 


UKU 


&c. 


AMA 


IZI 


IMI 


I. Um 


ka 
waka 


wo 


we 


wen 


wesi 


wo 


worn 


wobu 


woku 


wo 


wama 


wezi 


wemi 


II. I 


lika 

ka 

yika 


lo 


le 


len 


lesi 


lo 


lom 


lobu 


loku 


lo 


lama 


lezi 


lemi 


III. In 


yo 


ye 


yen 


yesi 


yo 


yom 


yobu 


yoku 


yo 


yam a 


yezi 


yemi 


IV. Isi 


sika 


so 


se 


sen 


sesi 


so 


som 


sobu 


soku 


so 


sama 


sezi 


semi 






Iwo 








io 


lom 


lobu 


loku 


lo 


lama 






V. U 


luka 

ka 

waka 


lo 


Iwe 


Iwen 


Iwesi 


Iwo 


Iwom 


Iwobu 


Iwoku 


Iwo 


hvama 


Iwezi 


Iwemi 


VI. Um 


wo 


we 


wen 


wesi 


wo 


worn 


wobu 


woku 


wo 


wama 


wezi 


wemi 


VII. Ubu 


buka 


bo 


be 


ben 


besi 


bo 


bom 


bobu 


boku 


bo 


bama 


bezi 


bemi 




ka 


ko 








ko 


kom 


kobu 


koku 


ko 








VIII. Uku 


kuka 


kwo 


kwe 


kwen 


kwesi 


kwo 


kwom 


kwobu 


kwoku 


kwo 


kwama 


kwezi 


kwemi 


IX, Aba 


baka 

ka 

aka 


bo 


be 


ben 


besi 


bo 


bom 


bobu 


boku 


bo 


bama 


bezi 


bemi 


X. Ama 





e 


en 


esi 





om 


obu 


oku 





ama 


ezi 


emi 


XI. Izi 


zika 

ka 

yika 


zo 


ze 


zen 


zesi 


zo 


zom 


zobu 


zoku 


zo 


zama 


zezi 


zemi 


XII. [mi 


yo 


1L„ 


yen 


yesi 


T0___ 


yom 


yobu 


yoku 


yo___ 


yam a 


yezi 


yemi 



Only one example of each declension is given as one is sufficient to illustrate the rules in the 
preceeding paragraph ; it will be seen that in all cases u, and i, initial in a Prefix which takes the 
Euphonic Letter in the Genitive are changed into o, e, and that o, and a, in such cases experience 
no change, as — 

a man of the country. Ubuso bomfaxi, a face of a woman, 

a chief of the people. Odade bamadoda, sisters of the men. 

the handle of a spear. Isitya samasi, a vessel of milK 

the law of a country. Inthlu yenKosi, the bouse of a chief. 

B 2 



Umtu welizwe, 
Inkosi yabantu, 
Uluti lomKonto, 
Umteto welizwe, 



8 



17. Aiother mode of expressing the Genitive in cased wliere distinction oi emphasis is required, is 
as follows : — gowo, leli, &c. according to the following table, supply the place of the preceeding 
forms : they are in fact the same forms with the addition of a syllabic prefix go, le &c. 



I PREFIXES 


BEFORE A PROPER NAME. 


BEFORE A PF.EFIX BEGINNING 


BEFORE A PREFIX BEGINNING 


' 




WITH U. 


WITH I. 


1. U-M-tiazi 


gowoka Fate 


gowomtu 


gowenkosi 


II. I-hashe 


lelika 


lelomtu 


lelenKosi 


III. iN-kosi 


yeyika 


yeyomtu 


yeyenkosi 


IV. Isi-tya 


sesika 


sesomtu 


sesenkosi 


V. U-tando 


loluka 


lolomtu 


lolenkosi 


VI. UM-lambo 


gowuka 


gowomtu 


gowenkosi 


VII. U-buso 


bobuka 


boboratu 


bobenkosi 


VIII. UKU-tya 


kokuka 


kokwomtu 


kokwenkosi 


IX. A-bantu 


gabaka — 


gabomtu 


gabenkosi 


X. AiviA-doda 


gawaka 


gawomtu 


gawenkosi 


XI. Izi-tya 


zezika 


zezomtu 


zezenkosi 


XII. iMi-lambo 


yeyika 


yeyomtu 


yeyenkosi 



Thus, Umfazi gowentombi zika Aaron : 

Umtwana lo gowabantwana bama Hebrews 



a woman of the daughters of Aaron 



the child this of the children of the Hebrews : 
18. To express the partitive sense in which "of" is sometimes used in English, the Kafirs sometimes 
prefix K, as follows, — 



I. 


Umfazi 


kumfazi 


VII. 


Ubuso 


kubuso 


11. 


Ihashe 


kwihashe 


VIII. 


Ukutya 


kukutya 


III. 


Inkosi 


kwinKosi 


IX. 


Abantu 


Kubantu 


IV. 


Isitya 


Kwisitya 


X. 


Amadoda 


Kumadoda 


V. 


Utando 


Kutando 


XI. 


Izitya 


Kwizitya 


VI. 


Umlambo 


Kumlambo 


XII. 


Imilambo 


Kwimilambo 



19. The Dative case of Nouns has no form distinct from the Ablative, but the Dative of persons 
can be expressed by prefixing ku, as Diya ku Pato : I go to Pato. 

20. The Accusative or Objective case of Nouns has no form distinct from the Nominative. 

21. The Vocative case is formed from the Nominative by dropping the prefix, if it consists of a 
vowel only, as 'Bawo, O my Father ; 'Tixo, O God : if the Prefix consist of a Consonant as well 
as a vowel, the initial vowel is dropped as 'Nkosi : O Chief: 'Mfazi O Woman : very often wa, is 
prefixed, especially in formal speeches or in calling aloud, as WA-Faku, wA-'Mqai : 

ABLATIVE CASE. 

22. The Ablative case is formed as follows : — 

1st. By cutting off the final vowel of Nouns ending in a, e, i, and adding eni or ini : the ini- 
tial vowel is usually changed into e, as, 

1 nsimi : Ensimini : in the Garden. 
Isanthla : Esanthleni : in the Hand. 

2nd. Nouns ending in o, u, change the final vowel to weni, or wini, as — 

Intblu, enthlwini : in the house. 
Umdudo, emdudweni : in the dance. 

3rd. Nouns of the V. Declension of the Prefix u, form the Abktive thus, 

Udada, eludadeni : in a thicket 

-ith. Nouns of the III. Declension, of the prefixes in, im, follow in the Ablative plural the origi- 
nal uncontracted form of the Nominative plural as, 

InKomo, ezinKomeni: among the cattle. 
Imvu, eziravweni : among the sheep. 



9 



5th. Nouns ending in aba, abo, though they frequently follow the general rules^ yet sometimes 
change these terminations into atyeni : as, — 

Umqabo, chalk : Emqatyeni or Emqabweni, in the chalk. 

Intaba, a mountain : Entatyeni or Entabeni, in the mountain. 

6th. Nouns ending in mbo, change this termination into njeni : as, — 

Umlambo, a river : Emlanjeni^ in the river. 

7th. Nouns ending in mo, change this termination into nyeni : as, — 

Intanio, the neck : Entanyeni, in the neck. 

Umlomo, the mouth : Emlonyeni, in the mouth. 

23. To express the sense of at, the letter s, is prefixed to the Ablative form of Nouns. 

Bawo vretu osezulwini. Our Father who art at, or in heaven. 
Usemsebenzini ka Bawo, He is at the work of my father. 

24. To distinguish between the sense of to, and from, implied in the termination of the Ablative 
Case, the Kafirs frequently append some tense of the Verb ukuvela, to come, or be from, to the 
Nominative or the Verb which requires the sense of from to be understood in the Ablative Case of 
of the Noun which follows it : as, — 

x\manthla avela ezulwini, Power from on high, or Power which comes from on high. 
Sometimes ku, is used to express from : as, — 

Ditabate ku Pato, I took from Pato. 

25. To express for, a particular form of the Verb is used : [^see verb.^ as, — 

Wamzalela ummtwana, She bare for him a child. 

26. To express the sense of by, though, with or also, and and, the following additions are made 
to the prefixes of the several classes of Nouns : as, — 

with Pato 

- Tandi 

- a woman 

- a horse 

- a word 

- a chief 

- a pot 

- a basket 

- mud 

- people 

- a river 

- a face 

- food 

- sisters 

- people 

- men 

- chiefs 

- baskets 

- years 

27. In the Sections containing Tables of the Pronouns and Verbs, the forms from which the above 
are contracted will be seen arranged under the Pronouns and third Persons of the Verb of each 
Declension : For the manner in which nouns are united to the Verb Substantive to be, according 
to the table See verbs. Nouns in apposition are united to each other, by the relative Pronoun 
and Verb Substantive of the first Noun, prefixed to the forms of the second, found in the first 
column of the preceding table : 

Thus, — I Dec. prefixes 0, II eli. Ill e, IV esi. V olu, VI o, VII obu, VlII okv, 

IX ABA, X A, XI EZI, XII EYI. 



I. 


Gu-Pato 


bj 


' Pato 


Go-Pato 


through Pato 


No-Pato 




Gum-Tandi 




Tandi 


Gom-Tandi 


Tandi 


No-Tan di 




Gumfazi 


_ 


a woman 


Gomfazi 


a woman 


Nomfazi 


II. 


Lihashe 


- 


a horse 


Gehashe 


a horse 


Nehashe 




Lilizwi 


- 


a word 


Gelizwi 


a word 


Nelizwi 


III. 


Yinkosi 


. 


a chief 


Genkosi 


a chief 


Nenkosi 




Yimbiza 


. 


a pot 


Gembiza 


a pot 


Nembiza 


IV. 


Sisitya 


- 


a basket 


Gesitya 


a basket 


Nesitya 


V. 


Ludaka 


. 


mud 


Godaka 


mud 


Nodaka 




Luluntu 


- 


people 


Goluntu 


people 


Noluntu 


VI. 


Gumlambo 


- 


a river 


Gomlambo 


a river 


Nomlarabo 


VII. 


Bubuso 


. 


a face 


Gobuso 


a face 


Nobuso 


VIII. 


Kukutya 


- 


food 


Gokutya 


food 


Nokutya 


JX. 


Bodade 


- 


sisters 


Godade 


sisters 


Nodade 




Babantu 


- 


people 


Gabantu 


people 


Nabantu 


X. 


Gamadoda 


- 


men 


Gamadoda 


men 


Namadoda 


XI. 


Zinkosi 


. 


chiefs 


Gezinkosi 


chiefs 


Nezinkosi 




Zizitya 


- 


baskets 


Gezitya 


baskets 


Nezitya 


XII. 


Yiminyaka 


- 


years 


Geminyaka 


years 


Neminyaka 



10 

The following are examples of Nouns in apposition, illustrative of the preceding rule 
Umtu oyinkosi, The man who is the Chief. 

U-Yesus ongu Kristus, Jesus who is the Christ. 
Umtu oligosa, The man who is the Steward. 

Umfo osisigidimi. The fellow who is the messenger. 



SECTION AtK 
Adjectives. 



1. Adjectives vary their prefix according to the prefix of the Noun by which they are governed: 
they are usually written when placed in vocabularies with the prefixes in, im, i : thus inkulu, great, 
properly — It is great, referring to into, or some Noun with the prefix in ; imhlope, white, or — It 
is white : iara, bitter, or — It is bitter. 

2. Adjectives are united to Nouns by means of the Relative Pronoun of each Declension of Nouns 
v^hich is prefixed to the Adjective according to the following table : [[see pronouns.]] 



NOUNS TO WHICH THE 










ADJECTIVES REFER. 


In-kulu. 


Im-bi. 


Im-hlope. 


t-HARA. 


I. UM-fazi 


om-kulu 


om-bi 


om-hlope 


o-rara 


II. I-hashe 


eli-kulu 


eli-bi 


elim-hlope 


eli-rara 


III. iN-kosi 


en-kulu 


em-bi 


em-hlope 


e-rara 


IV. Isi-tya 


esi-kulu 


esi-bi 


esim-hlope 


esi-rara 


V. U-tando 


olu-kulu 


olu-bi 


olum-hlope 


olu-rara 


VI. UM-lambo 


om-kulu 


om-bi 


ora-hlope 


o-rara 


VII. Ubu-so 


obu-kulu 


obu-bi 


obum-hlope 


obu-rara 


VIII. UKU-tya 


oku-kulu 


oku-bi 


okum-hlope 


oku-rara 


IX. AsA-ntu 


aba-kulu 


aba-bi 


abam-hlope 


aba-rara 


X. AMA-doda 


ama-kulu 


ama-bi 


am-hlope 


a-rara 


XI. In, im, iziN. 


ezin-kulo 


ezim-bi 


ezim-hlope 


ezi-rara 


Izi-tya 


ezi-kulu 


ezim-bi 


ezim-hlope 


ezi-rara 


XII. iMi-lambo 


emi-kulu 


emi-bi 


em-hlope 


e-rara 



3. In the above table there are two columns for Adjectives beginning with im : the difference in 
the omission or retention of the m in some cases, arises from a variety in pronounciation, or from 
the M, of the prefix being considered as part of the root-word, in which case of course the Adjective 
will follow the analogies of Adjectives beginning vdth i : thus im-hlope, will be elimhlope &c. as 

IRARA. 

4. In some few cases, certain Nouns are united to their Adjectives after the manner of Nouns 
placed in apposition See Section 3rd. No. 27 : this is when a peculiar emphasis is intended to 
be placed on the Adjective, thus the holy spirit is always termed umoya oyingcwele, literally 
The Spirit which is the Holy one : not Umoya Ongcwele : The Spirit which is holy. For the 
manner in which Adjectives are joined to the Verb to be, see verbs. 



11 

5. The Kafir mode of counting is rather complex as will appear from the following table : to ex- 
press twenty they say "tens which are two :" to express twenty one : "tens which are two which 
have one." 

CARDINAL, ORDINAL AND ADVERBIAL NUMBERS. 



CARDINAL. 


ORDINAL. 


ADVERBIAL. 


1 Inye 


kuqala first 


kanye 


once 


2 Zimbini 


isibini second 


kabini 


twice 


3 Zintatu 


isitatu third 


katatu 


thrice 


4 Zine 


isine fourth 


kane 


four times 


5 Zinhlanu 


isihlanu fifth 


kahlanu 


five times 


6 Zintandatu 


isitandatu sixth 


katandatu 


six times 


7 Zixenxe 


isixenxe seventh 


kazixenxe 


seven times 


8 Zimboxo or sibozo or toba 


isimboxo eighth 


kamboxo 


eight times 


'mnwembini. 








9 I-Toba or toba 'mnwem- 


isitoba ninth 


katoba 


nine times 


nye. 








10 I-shumi. 


ishumi tenth 


kashumi 


ten times 


11 I-shumi elinanye. 








20 Amashumi amabini. 


From AMASHUMI they are 






21 Amashumi amabini ananye. 


formed by the relative pro- 


kamashumi &e twenty times 1 


100 I-kulu. 


noun and the verb prefixed, 






150 I-kulu elinamashumi mahla- 


according to the Declension 


kakulu &c. 


a hundred times 


nu. 


of the word to which they 




■»■»»*»-•■* ^irf V* iXlJK^o 


200 Amakulu amabini. 


relate as : eyamashumi ma 






1000 I-waka. 


BiNi : the thing which is the 






1100 I-waka elinekulu. 


twentieth. 






2000 Amawaka amabini. 








2110 Amawaka amabini anekulu 




kawaka &c. 


a thousand times 


elineshumi. 








2150 Amawaka amabini anekulu 




kamawaka 


thousands fold 


elinamashumi mahlanu. 








3050 Amawaka amatatu anama- 








shumi mahlanu. 








10,000 Amawaka alishumi. 








20,000 Amawaka amashumi mabini. 








30,060 Amawaka amashumi matatu 








anamashumi matandatu. 









II. 
III. 

IV. 
V. 



I. Umfazi omnye. 

Ihashe elinye, 

Inkosi enye. 

Isitya esinye. 

Utando olunye. 

VI. Umlambo omnye. 

vT| uj»;;:ss;xrrrcSi%i:r£ t"^^"-' *-^°- o^-""*- 

lA. Abantu ababini, abatatu, abane, abahlanu, abatandatu, &c. ' ' 

A. Amadoda amabini, amatatu, amane, amahlanu, amatandatu, &c. 
Al. Izitya ezibini, ezintatu, ezine ezinhlanu, ezintandatu, &e. 

T 1 ^^ ezimbini, &c. the same as XI. 
All. Imilambo emibini, emitatu, eraine, emihlanu, emitandatu, &c. 

c 2 



12 

7. The Ordinal numbers are usually governed in the Genitive case by the Nouns to which they 
refer, according to the rules Sec, 3rd. No. 14. as Umhla v^^esibini, the second day : sometimes also 
the Ordinal Numbers as Umhla weshumi. 

8. Sometimes for the sake of emphasis the Relative Pronoun is prefixed to the Noun governed ic 
the Genitive : thus, — 

I. Umfazi owokuqala, the woman which is first. 
II. Ihashe elesibini, the horse which is second. 

III. Inkosi eyesibini, the chief which is second. 

IV. Isitya esesibini, the basket which is second. 
V. Utando olwesibini, the love which is second 

9. The Cardinal numbers are used with the tenses of the Verb to be ; as, — 

Umtu emnye, a person he being one. 
Abantu bebabini, persons they being two 
Abantu bababini, persons they were two. 

10. Sometimes they are used with contractions of the Demonstrative Pronoun ; [^see pronouns.! 
as, 

Abantu bobabini, people, those two : from Abobabini. 
Imihla yomitandatu, days, those six : from Leyomitandatu. 

Or more probably this is a contraction of the emphatic Genitive : ^see sec. 3d.)] as, Abantu 
gabobabini : Imihla yeyomitandatu. 

11. Umnye, ^another,' is placed before its Noun and changes according to the table of adjectives 
Section 4th. No. 2. as Omnye umtu : Abanye abantu. 

12. Otile, from ukuti, to say, to be so, is usually employed to express a certain one : thus, 

Umtu otile, or otile umtu, a certain person. 
Ihashe eHte, a certain horse 

Umfo otile a certain man. 

13. To express an indefinite number beyond all count the Kafirs use igidi and ilitye : but the 
words are not in general use. 

14. Nouns used adjectively as united to other Nouns by means of the Relative Pronoun and the 
Verb ukubanayo, to have : [[see verbs.^ in all these cases i, and u, when initial in the word which 
is united to the Verb ukubanayo, are changed into e, and o : the vowels o, and a, remain unchan- 
ged : thus, — 

Umtu onoburoti, the man who has valour. 
Umtu oneratshi, the man who has pride, 
Umtu onamanthla the man who has strength. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

15. The Comparative is supplied by using the Verb 'to exceed,' with the abstract form of the 
Noun derived from the Adjective, Uqitisile gobukulu, he exceeds in greatness. 

16. The place of the Superlative is supplied by the addition of certain words, as Kakulu, Kunene 
Kanye, Kazi : as, — 

Ubawo omkulu Kaxulu, my father who is great a hundred fold. 

Ubawo omKuIu Kunene, my father who is truly great. 

Ubawo omKulu Kanye, my father who is very great. 

Ubawo omKulu Kazi, my father who is greatest of all. 



13 

SECTION 5th. 
Pronouns. 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

1. The Personal Pronouns of the 1st., and 2nd. person are thus declined 
MiNA, 1 : 1st. person. 
Singular. Nom. Mina, I, Plural. Nom. 

Gen. Am, of me. Gen. 

Dat. Kumi, to me, Dat. 

Ac. Di, me, (this is only Ac. 

used when united to a 
Verb, see Verb,) 
Ab. Dimi, by me, it is I, Ab. 

Gami, through me, 
Nami, with me, and me, also me, 
Asindimi, it is not me. Negative. 



Negative. 
There is no form of the Vocative Case distinct from the Nominative. 



Tina we, 

Etu, of us, 

Kuti, to us, 

Si, us, (inserted in the Verb 

as the Ace. Sing, so with all 

the Accusatives of Pronouns,) 

Siti, by us, it is us, 

Gati, through us, 

Nati, with us, and us, also us, 

Asisiti, it is not us. 



Wena, Thou : 2nd. person. 

Singular. Nom. Wena, thou, Plural. 

Gen. Ako, of thee. 
Dat. Kuwe, to thee, 
Ac. Ku, thee or thou, 
Ab. Guwe, by thee, 

Gawe, through thee, 
Nawe, with thee, and diou, also thou. 
Negative. Asinguwe, it is not thou. 



Nom. Nina, ye, or you, 
Gen. Enu, of ye, 
Dat. Kuni, to ye, 
Ac. Ni, ye, 
Ab. Nini, by ye, it is ye, 

Gani, through ye, 

Nani, with ye, and ye, also ye. 
Negative. Asinini, it is not ye. 



A sort of Vocative used in polite friendly address, is formed of the Genitive of tina, etu, 
governed by the Euphonic Letter of umtu, or umlingane, &c. understood as — wetu, which means 
One of us. 

2. Personal Pronouns of the 3rd. person vary according to the Declension of the Nouns to 
vsrhich they refer : the follov^ring Personal Pronouns of the Std. person are placed under each 
Declension of the Nouns to which they refer : — 





I j II 1 III f IV j V 


VI 


VII 


VIII 


IX X 


XI XII 


Nom. 


yena lona|yona 


sona 


lona 


wona 


bona kona 


bona 


wona 


zona 


yona 


He, she, it, they. 


Gen. 


ake 


alo 


ayo 


aso 


alo 


awo 


abo 


ako 


abo 


awo 


azo 


ayo 


Of him, her, it, them. 


Dat. 


kuye 


kulo 


kuyo 


kuso 


kulo 


kuwo 


kubo 


kuko 


kubo 


kuwo 


kuzo 


kuyo 


To him, her, it, them. 


Ac. 


am 


li 


yi 


SI 


lu 


wu 


bu 


ku 


ba 


wa 


zi 


yi 


Him, her, it, them. 


Ab. 


guye 


lilo 


yiyo 


siso 


lulo 


guwo 


bubo 


kuko 


babo 


gawo 


zizo 


yiyo 


By him, her, it, them. 




gaye 


galo 


gayo 


gaso 


galo 


gawo 


gabo 


gako 


gabo 


gawo 


gazo 


gayo 


Thro' him, her, it them. 




naye 


nalolnayo 


naso 


nalo 


nawo 


nabo 


nako 


nabo 


nawo 


nazo 


nayo 


With him, her, it, them. 



The negatives of the first form of the Ablative are formed as those of the 1st. and 2nd. persons 
thus, asinguye, asililo, asiyiyo &c. 

D 



14 

3. The Genitives of the Personal Pronouns are governed in the Genitive by Nouns, and then 
take the Euphonic Letter of the Noun which governs them, thus supplying the place of the Pos- 
sessive Pronouns : one example vnW suffice : — 



Yena 



I I II j III i IV 1 V I VI I VII 1 VIII I IX I X I XI I XII 



wake I lake | yake | sake | Iwake | wake | bake | kwake | bake ] ake | zake | yake 



Of him &e 



And so on with am, alo, ayo, aso, &c. as, — Umfazi wake, his wife ; referring to Umtu : Ihashe 
layo, his horse ; referring to Inkosi. 

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. 

4. A sort of Reciprocal Pronoun similar in signification to the Latin sui is formed by prefixing 
GOKW to the Genitives of the personal pronouns ; thus, — 

Gokwam, of myself, on my own account. 

Gokwetu, of ourselves, on our own account. 

Gokwako, of thyself, on thine own account. 

Gokwenu, of yourselves, on your own account. 

Gokwake, of himself, on his own account. 

Gokwabo, of themselves, on their own account, and so on with Gokwalo, Gokwayo, 

Gokwaso &c. 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

5. The Possessive Pronouns are formed from the Genitives of the Personal Pronouns by prefixing 
the Euphonic letter of the word to which they refer : []see no. 3 Q 

Inthlu yayo : his house, referring to Inkosi. 

Abafazi bawo : their wives, referring to Amadoda. 

Abantu bake : his people, referring to Umtu. 

Ukutya kwazo: their food, refering to Inkomo. ( plural ) 

6. Sometimes the Relative Pronoun is prefixed to the Genitive of the Personal Pronoun, before 
the Euphonic letter, by which means a more expressive Possessive Pronoun is formed : the Pronoun 
in this case is usually placed before its Noun : as, — 

Owako umzimba : thy body. 

Elako ihashe : thy horse. , 

Eyam into : my thing. 

Esake isitya : his basket, 

Obam ubuso : my face. 

Okwam ukutya : my food. 

Abam abantu : my people. 

Awam amadoda : my men. 

Ezam izinto : my things. 

In forming the Datives of this form of the Possessive Pronoun k, is prefixed to those beginning 
•v\ith o : Kw, to those beginning with a, e : thus, — 

Kowako umelwane : to ihy neighbour. 
Kwesake isitya : to his basket. 

Kwabam abantu : to my peeple. 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

7. The Demonstrative Pronouns are usually prefixed to the words to which they belong : gene- 
rally the initial Vowel of that word is cut off: the following table gives the Demonstrative Pronouns 
according to the several Declensions of Nouns : * 



15 



I Declension 
II Declension 

III Declension 

IV Declension 
V Declension 



VI Declension 
VII Declension 



VIII Declension 

IX Declension 

X Declension 

XI Declension 

XII Declension 



Lo, 

Lowa, Lowoj 

Lowaya, 

Eli, 

Elo, 

Eliya, 

Le, 

Leyo, 

Leyaya, 

Esi, 

Eso, 

Esiva, 

Olu, 

OIo, 

Oluya, 



this. 

that. 

that there. 

this. 

that. 

that there. 

this. 

that. 

that there. 

this. 

that. 

that there. 

this. 

that. 

that there. 



the same as the 1st. 



Obii, 

Obo, 

Obuya, 

Oku, 

Oko, 

Okuya, 

Aba, 

Abo, 

Abaya, 

La, 

Lawo, 

Lawaya, 

Ezi, 

Ezo, 

Eziya, 

Le, 

Leyo, 

Leyaya, 



this. 

that. 

that there. 

this. 

that. 

that there. 

these. 

those. 

those there. 

these. 

those. 

those there. 

these. 

those. 

those there. 

these. 

those. 

those there. 



Lomtu, 
Lowamtu, 
Lowaya umtu, 
Eli hashe, 
Elo hashe, 
Eliya hashe, 
Lenkosi, 
Leyo inkosi, 
Leyaya inkosi, 
Esisitya, 
Esositya, 
Esiya isitya, 
Oludaka, 
Olodaka, 
Oluya udaka, 

Obubuso, 
Obobuso, 
Obuya ubuso, 
Okukutya, 
Okokutya, 
Okuya ukutya, 
Ababantu, 
Abobantu, 
Abaya abantu, 
Lamadoda, 
Lawo amadoda 
Lawaya amadoda, 
Ezizitya, 
Ezozitya, 
Eziya izitya, 
Lemilambo, 
Leyo imilambo, 
Leyaya imilambo. 



this man. 
that man. 
that man there, 
this horse, 
that hoise. 
that horse there, 
this chief, 
that chief, 
that there chief, 
this basket, 
that basket, 
that there basket, 
this mud. 
that mud. 
that there mud. 

this face, 
that face, 
that there face, 
this food, 
that food, 
that there food, 
these people, 
those people, 
those people there, 
these men. 
those men. 
those men there, 
these baskets, 
those baskets, 
those baskets there, 
these rivers, 
those rivers, 
those rivers there. 



8. When the Demonstrative Pronouns lo, le, la, and their compounds are governed in the Gen- 
itive the Euphonic letter of the word governing is united to the consonant by the Vowel a : thus. 



Umfazi walomtu : 
Abantu balomtu : 



the wife of this man. 
the people of this man. 



9. To express the sense of " the same" the Kafirs say "it is it" or "it is even it :" as in speaking of 
Ihashe, a horse, they will say, lilo, " it is it," " the same :" or likwalilo, " it is even it. " 

I Guye, kwanguye ; II lilo, likwalilo ; III yiyo, yikwayiyo ; IV siso, sikwasiso ; V lulo, lukwa- 
lulo ; VI guwo, kwanguwo ; VII bubo, bukwabubo ; VIII kuko, kukwakuko ; IX babo, bakwa- 
babo ; X gawo, akwangawo ; XI zizo, zikwazizo ; XII yiyo, yikwayiyo. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS. 



10 The interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs are most conveniently classed together, as they take 
the prefixes which point out their relationship to some Noun, expressed or understood, in the same 



manner. 



1. Who ? Ubanina ? or Gubanina ? 

2. Who art thou ? Ungubanina ? 

3. Whose ? Kabanina ? takes prefixes I wA, 

VIII KU, IX BA, X A, XI ZI, XII, YL 



II LI, III YI, IV SI, V LU, VI WA, VII BU, 



c 2 



16 

4. By whom ? Gabanina ? 

5. To whom ? Kubanina ? 

6. With whom ? Nabanina ? 

7. What ? Intonina ? or Inina ? or Ini? i. e. what thing ? 

8. What thing is it? lyin-tonina? The above takes the prefixes I uyin, II liyin. III lYiN, IV 

SIYIN, V LUYIN, VI UYIN, VII BUYIN, VIII KUYIN, IX BAYIN, X AYIN, XI ZIYIN, XII lYIN. 

9. What thing has it ? What is the matter with it ? I-nantonina ? it takes the prefixes, I u, II 
Lr, III I, IV SI, V Lu, VI u, VII Bu, VIII ku, IX ba, X a, XI zi, XII i. 

10. By or through what ? Gantonina ? 

11. To what ? Kwintonina ? 

12. It is what ? What is it ? I-yinina ? takes the prefixes, as Inantonina. No. 9. 

13. Which is it ? Pina ? takes the prefixes, I guwu, II lili. III yiyi, IV sisi, V lulo, VI guwu, 

VII BuBu, VIII KUKU, IX BABA, X GAWA, XI ZIZI, XII YIYI. 

14. Whether of the two ? Kusinina ? 

15. What sort ? Nina ? after words to which distinction of sex belong, it means, what sort, male 
or female. 

16. What is it like ? Jenganina ? takes the prefixes as, Inantonina, No. 9. with the nasal n, as 
usual before J, thus Unjenganina &c. 

17. Is it so ? Jalona ? takes prefixes as Jenganina. 

18. What like ? How ? Janina ? takes prefixes as Jenganina. No. 16. 

19. How much ? Kangakananina ? 

20. How often ? Futi kangakananina ? 

21. How many? Whereabouts? Gapina? takes prefixes as Jenganina. No. 16. 

22. Why? Yinina? 

23. Wherefore ? Through what ? Ganina ? takes prefixes as Jenganina. No. 16. 

24. How was it ? Kutenina ? 

25. How long time ? Ixesha elingakananina ? 

26. How long ago ? Ixesha elingakananina eliqitileyo ? 

27. What does it mean ? Kukutinina ? 

28. Where ? Pina ? takes prefixes as Inantonina. No. 9. 

29. Whence ? i. e. Where comes it from? I vela pina? takes prefixes as Inantonina. No. 16. 

30. When? Ninina? 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

11. The Relative Pronouns who, which or that, are expressed by the Vowels o, e, a, the antece- 
dent determines which Vowel is to be used : in the preceding table of Adjectives united to Nouns 
the Relative Pronouns are seen united with the Substantive Verb. 

12. Relative Pronouns when they are the Nominatives of the Verb in the first and second person 
are not expressed in Kafir as in English : thus, — 

I who walk — is in Kafir, Mina dihambayo, literally, I walking. 

Thou who walkest— is in Kafir, Wena uhambayo, literally. Thou walking. 

Or else a more paraphrastic mode of expression would be used ; as, — 
Dimi ohambayo, it is I who walk. 
Guwe ohambayo, it is thou who walkest. 

13. When Relative Pronouns are the Nominatives of the Verb in the third person, they are pre- 
fixed to the third person of the Verb according to the following rules, already exemplified in the 
table refered to in No. 11. 

1st. Antecedents of Declensions, I, V, VI, VII, VIII, take o, for their Relative Pronoun. 
2nd. Antecedents of Declensions, II, III, IV, XI, XII, take e, for their Relative Pronoun. 



17 



3rd. Antecedents of Declensions IX, X, take a, for their Relative Pronoun. 

14. When the third person of the Verb begins with a Consonant, the Pronoun is simply prefixed 
according to its Antecedent, but when the third person of the Verb begins with a Vowel, then a 
contraction takes place, as follows, — 

1st. When o is the Relative Pronoun governing the Verb, the initial u, e, a, of the third person 
are dropped : thus, — 

Uyakusiza, is oyakusiza. Abesiza, is obesiza. 

Esiza, is osiaa. Ebesiza, is obesiza. 

2nd. When e is the Relative Pronoun governing the Verb, the initial i of the third person is 
dropped : thus, — 

Jsiza, is esiza. Ibisiza, is ebisiza. 

The Vowels u, e, a, never are initial in the third person of any Verb when it is governed by 
the Antecedents which take e for their Relative Pronoun. 

3rd. When a, is the Relative Pronoun governing the Verb, the initial e, of the third person is 
dropped ; but if a be the initial Vowel of the third person, no change takes place : thus, — 
Ebesiza, is Abesiza. Ayakusiza is Ayakusiza. 

The Vowels u, i, never are initial in the third person of any Verb when it is governed by the 
Antecedents which take a for their Relative Pronoun. 

Several of the tenses of the Verb are not used with the Relative Pronouns, other forms of the 
same meaning being used when needed. 

OBLIQUE CASES OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

15. The Relative Pronoun having no variety of termination forms its oblique cases, whose, whom 
or WHICH, OF, BY, TO, THROUGH, IN, AT, ON WHICH or WHOM, by the aid of the Demonstrative Pro- 
nouns and of the Nominative and Oblique cases of the Personal Pronouns : this part of the Kafir 
Grammar presents the greatest perplexity to the learner, and must be carefully studied. 

WHOSE. 

16. Whose, the Genitive of who, or which, is usually expressed by a periphrasis : thus the Ka- 
firs will usually say — Umtu igama lake dilitandayo — The man his name I it love ; instead of^ — The 
man whose name I love : but yet there are forms by which Whose may be expressed as in En- 
glish : thus — Umtu ogama dilitandayo — The man whose name I it love ; or — The man whose name 
I love : according to the following table — 





Nouns with Who 


SE before them, referring: 1 


;o those in the first column. 




Nouns 
followed by 














I 


II 


III 


IV 


V VI 


Vll 


VIII 


IX , X 


XI 


XII 


Whose. 


Um. 


I. 


In. 


Isi. 


U. Um. 


Ubu. 


Uku. 


Aba. 


Ama. 


Izi. 


Imi. 


I. Um 


om 





on 


osi 


ohi 


om 


obu 


oku 


ob a 


oma 


ozi 


omi 


II. I 


elim 


eli 


elin 


elisi 


eblu 


elira 


elibu 


eliku 


eliba 


eli ma 


elizi 


elimi 


III. In 


era 


e 


en 


esi 


elu 


em 


ebu 


eku 


eba 


ema 


ezi 


emi 


IV. Isi 


esim 


esi 


esin 


esisi 


esilu 


esim 


esibu 


esiku 


esiba 


esima 


esizi 


esimi 


V. U 


olum 


olu 


olun 


olusi 


olu 


olum 


olubu 


oluku 


oluba 


oluma 


oluzi 


olumi 


VI. Um as 


No. I. 
























VII. Ubu 


obum 


obu 


obun 


obusi 


obu 


obum. 


obubu 


obuku 


obuba 


obuma 


obuzi 


obumi 


VIII. Uku 


okum 


oku 


okun 


okusi 


oku 


okum 


okubu 


okuku 


okuba 


okuma 


okuzi 


okumi 


IX. Aba 


abum 


aba 


aban 


abasi 


abu 


abum 


ababu 


abaku 


ababa 


abama 


abazi 


abami 


X. Ama 


am 


a 


an 


asi 


alu 


am 


abu 


aku 


aba 


ama 


azi 


ami 


XI. Izi 


ezim 


ezi 


ezm 


ezisi 


ezilu 


ezim j ezibu 


eziku 


eziba 


ezima 


ezizi 


ezimi 


XII. Imi 


eyim 


e 


en 


esi 


elu j eyim ] ebu 


eku 


eba 


ema 


ezi 


emi 



K. 



18 



17. The following examples will illustrate the use of the preceding table : — 

Umtu onkosi inkulu : The man whose Chief is great. 
Inkosi egama likulu : The Chief whose name is great. 

U-Tixo ckwazi kukulu : God whose wisdom is great. 

WHOM or WHICH. 

1 8. Whom or which, the Accusative of the Relative Pronoun, can be expressed by four different 

methods. . . . r • <• 

1st. By prefixing the Relative Pronoun to the Verb, and insertmg in the Verb the Accusative of 
the Personal Pronoun which agrees with the Antecedent : thus, — 

Umfazi ondimtandayo : the woman whom I love : literally, the woman who I her love. 

Ihashe endilikwelayo : the horse which I ride : literally, the horse which I it ride. 

2nd. By prefixing the Relative Pronoun to the Verb, and placing after the Verb the Nominative 
of the Personal Pronoun which agrees with the Antecedent : thus, — 

Umfazi onditanda yena : the woman whom I love : literally, the woman who I love she. 
Ihashe enditanda lona : the horse which [ love : literally, the horse which I love it. 

3rd. By prefixing to the Verb the Demonstrative Pronoun which agrees with the Antecedent, 
and inserting in the Verb the Accusative of the Personal Pronoun which agrees with the Antece- 
dent : as, — 

Ihashe elindilikwelayo : the horse which I ride : literally, the horse that one I it ride. 

Ukutya okundikutandayo : the food which I love: literally, the food this which I it love. 

4th. By prefixing to the Verb the Demonstrative Pronoun which agrees ynth. the Antecedent, 
and placing after the Verb the Nominative of the Personal Pronoun which agrees with the Ante- 
cedent : thus, — 

Ihashe elinditanda lona : the horse which I love : literally, the horse that one I love it, 
Ukutya okunditanda kona : the food which I love : literally, the food that which I love it. 

19. In the following table the Relative Pronoun is placed before the Verb, and the Accusative of 
the Personal Pronoun is inserted in the Verb, according to the 1st. Rule, in the preceding para- 
graph : 



SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


PREFIXES. 


1st. PERSON. 


2nd. PER. 


3rd. PER. 


1st. PER. 


2nd. PER. 


3rd. PER. 


I. 


Um-fazi 


ondim 


um 


am 


osim 


onim 


abam 






endim 


oum 


era 


esim 


enim 




II. 


I-hashe 


endili 


uli 


ali 


esili 


enili 


abali 


III. 


In-kosi 


endiyi 


uyi 


ayi 


esiyi 


eniyi 


abayi 


IV. 


Isi-tya 


endisi 


usi 


asi 


esisi 


enisi 


abasi 


V. 


U-tando 


ondilu 


ulu 


alu 


osilu 


onilu 


abalu 






endilu 


olu 




esilu 


enilu 




VI. 


Um-lambo 


ondiwu 


uwu 


awu 


osiwu 


oniwu 


abawu 






endiwu 


owu 




esiwu 


eniwu 




VII. 


Ubu-so 


ondibu 


ubu 


abu 


osibu 


onibu 


ababu 






endibu 


obu 




esibu 


enibu 




VIII. 


Uku-tya 


ondiku 
endiku 


uku 


aku 


osiku 
esiku 


oniku 
eniku 


abaku 


IX. 


A-bantu 


endiba 


uba 


aba 


esiba 


eniba 


ababa 


X. 


Ama-doda 


endiwa 


uwa 


awa 


esiwa 


eniwa 


abawa 


XI. 


J-zitya 


endizi 


uzi 


azi 


esizi 


enizi 


abazi 


XII. 


Imi-lambo 


endiyi 


uyi 


ayi 


esiyi 


eniyi 


abayi 



19 



20. The above table applies to all the tenses of the Verb, di being prefixed to the 1st. persons 
which do not begin with Di : in the tenses which begin with sendi, kendi, kanda, gandi, there is 
a slight variation in the 2nd. and 3rd. persons : the 2nd. person taking eu, and the 3rd. person e, 
or A, as prefixes : thus, — 

Umtu euseumtanda, the man whom thou already lovest. 
Ihashe akalikwele, the horse which he sometimes rides. 

21. The table in No. 19 applies in part to the 2nd. rule ; it will therefore be only necessary to 
give one example of the Nominatives of the Personal Pronouns according to their Antecedents, 
placed after the 1st. Person Singular : [^see rule 2nd. no. 18.]] 



I. Umfazi onditanda yena, 
II. Ihashe enditanda lona, 

III. Inkosi enditanda yona, 

IV. Isitya enditanda sona, 
V. Utando onditanda lona, 

VI. Umlambo onditanda wona, 
VII. Ubuso onditanda bona, 
VIII. Ukutya onditanda kona, 
IX. Abantu enditanda bona, 
X. Amadoda enditanda wona, 
XI. Izitya enditanda zona, 
XII. Imilambo enditanda yona. 



The woman whom I love. 
The horse which I love. 
The chief which I love. 
The basket which I love. 
The love which I love. 
The river which I love. 
The face which I love. 
The victuals which I love. 
The people which I love. 
The men which I love. 
The baskets which I love. 
The rivers which I love. 



22. The 3rd. and 4th. rules will easily be understood by one example of each Declension of Nouns, 
with its Demonstrative Pronoun prefixed to the Verb in the first person. By the 3rd. rule the 
Accusative of the Personal Pronoun which agrees with the Antecedent is inserted in the Verb : 
but by the 4th. rule the Nominative of the Personal Pronoun follows the Verb, instead of the 
insertion of the Accusative in the Verb. 



3rd Rule.. 

I. Umfazi lo dimtandayo. 
II. Ihashe elindilitandayo. 

III. Inkosi leyo diyitandayo. 

IV. Isitya esindisitandayo. 
V. Utando olundilutandayo. 

VI. Umlambo lo diwutandayo. 
VII. Ubuso obundibutandayo. 
VIII. Ukutya okundikutandayo. 

IX. Abantu abandibatandayo. 
X. Amadoda landiwatandayo. 

XI. Izitya ezindizitandayo. 

XII. Imilambo len diyitandayo. 



4th. Rule. 

lo ditanda yena. 
elinditanda lona. 
leyo ditanda yona. 
esinditanda sona. 
olunditanda lona. 
lo ditanda wona. 
obunditanda bona, 
okunditanda kona. 
abanditanda bona, 
landitanda wona. 
ezinditanda zona, 
lenditanda yona. 



23. 



OF, BY, THROUGH, IN, FROM, TO WHOM Or WHICH. 

To express of, by, through, in, from, to whom, or which, the Relative or Demonstrative Pro- 



noun IS placed before the Verb as in the paragraphs preceding, and the requisite oblique cases of 
the Personal Pronoun of the Antecedent are placed after the Verb : thus, — 

Umfazi onditeta 'ngaye, or Umfazi lo diteta 'ngaye. The woman of whom I speak. 



20 



24. The following table will illustrate the preceding rule. 






PREFIXES. 


VERBS. 


OF, BY, THROUGH, 
WHOM, or WHICH. 


TO, IN, FROM, AT, 
ON WHOM or WHICH 


WITH WHOM, 
or WHICH. 


I. Umfazi 
II. Ihashe 

III. Inkosi 

IV. Isitya 
V. Utando 

VI. Umlambo 
VII. Ubuso 
VIII. Ukutya 
IX. Abantu 
X. Amadoda 
XI. Izitya 
XII. Imilambo 


onditeta, or lo diteta 
enditeta, or elinditeta 
enditeta, or ie diteta 
enditeta, or esinditeta 
onditeta, or olunditeta 
onditeta, or lo diteta 
onditeta or obunditeta 
onditeta or okunditeta 
enditeta or abanditeta 
enditeta or landiteta 
enditeta or ezinditeta 
enditeta or lenditeta 


'ngaye 

'ngalo 

'ngayo 

'ngaso 

'ngalo 

'ngawo 

'ngabo 

'ngako 

'ngabo 

'ngawo 

'ngazo 

'ngayo 


kuye 

kulo 

kuyo 

kuso 

kulo 

kuwo 

kubo 

kuko 

kubo 

kuwo 

kuzo 

kuyo 


naye 

nalo 

nayo 

naso 

nalo 

nawo 

nabo 

nako 

nabo 

nawo 

nazo 

nayo 



FOR WHOM, or WHICH. 



25. To express for whom, or which, a particular form of the Verb is used ; thus- 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XII. 



or 



Umfazi ditetela yena 
Ihashe ditetela lona 
Inkosi ditetela yona 
Isitya ditetela sona 
Utando ditetela lona 
Umlambo ditetela wona or 
Ubuso ditetela bona or 
Ukutya ditetela kona or 
Abantu ditetela bona or 
Amadoda ditetela wona or 
Izitya ditetela zona or 
Imilambo ditetela yona or 



or 
or 
or 
or 



dimtetelayo : the woman for whom I speak, 
dilitetelayo : the horse for which I speak, 
diyitetelayo ; the Chief for whom I speak, 
disitetelayo : the basket for which I speak, 
dilutetelayo : the love for which I speak, 
diwutetelayo : the river for which I speak, 
dibutetelayo : the face for which I speak, 
dikutetelayo : the food for which I spea.k 
dibatetelayo : the people for which I speak, 
diwatetelayo : the men for whom I speak, 
dizitetelayo : the baskets for which I speak, 
diyitetelayo : the rivers for which I speak. 



26. We can vary the mode of expression as in the preceding paragraphs, by prefixing the Relative- 
or Demonstrative Pronouns ; one example will suffice, — ■ 

Umfazi onditetela yena, or Umfazi ondimtetelayo. 
Umfazi lo ditetela yena, or Umfazi lo dimtetelayo. 

BEFORE, BEHIND WHOM, Or WHICH. 

27. In cases where in English the Relative Pronoun which or whom, governed by a Preposition 
such as BEFORE, BEHIND, ABOVE, precedes a Verb, the Kafirs use the Genitive case of the Personal 
Pronoun and place it after the Verb : a few examples will suffice, — 

Umfazi sihamba pambi kwake. The woman before whom we walk, literally. The Wo- 
man we walk before her. 

Ihashe sibaleka emva kwalo. The horse after which we run, literally, The horse we 
run after it. 

28. la the above examples the expression may also be varied by prefixing the Relative or Demon*- 
strative Pronoun to the Verb : thus, — 

Umfazi esihamba pambi kwake or Umfazi lo sihamba pambi kwake. 
Ihashe esibaleka cmva kwalo or Ihashe elisibaleka emva kwalo &c,- 



21 

SECTION Gth. 
Verbs. 



1. Verbs must be considered in reference to their Forms or Conjugations, their Voices, Moods, 
Tenses, Number and Person. 

2. The Root of the Verb, that is to say, the Verb in its simplest state unincumbered by any 
prefixes or affixes, is the second Person Singular of the Imperative Mood, Active Voice of the fir&t 
Simple Form : as — 

Hamba, walk, from Ukuhamba, to walk. 
Tanda, love, from Ukutandaj to love. 

FORMS or conjugations. 

3. The Forms or Conjugations of the Verb arise from certain changes which take place in the 
Root ; there are six variations of this nature : 

The First is the Simple form of the Verb, as — 

Tanda, love : Ukutanda, to love. 
The Second is the Objective form of the Verb,derived from the Simple form, by inserting el, 
before the final Vowel, so called because the action of the Verb is performed for some object : as, — 

TandELa : Love for. UkutandELa : to love for. 

DiyatandELa yena : I love for him. 

The Third is the Causative form of the Verb, derived from the Simple form, by inserting is be- 
fore the final Vowel : this form corresponds to tha Hebrew hiphil : as, — 

Tandisa : Cause to love. Ukutandisa : To cause to love. 

The Fourth is the Reflective form of the Verb, derived from the Simple form, by prefixing zi, 
so called because the action of the Verb is reflected back upon the agent : this form corresponds 
to the Hebrew hithpael : as, — 

Zitanda, love thyself: Ukuzitanda, to love oneself. 

Diyazitanda, I love myself : Uyazitanda, he loves himself. 

The Fifth is the Reciprocal form of the Verb, derived from the Simple form, by inserting an be- 
fore the final Vowel : this form is only used in the Plural number : as, — 

UkusizANa, to help one another. 
Siyasizana, we help one another. 

The Sixth is the Intensitive form of the Verb, derived from the Simple form, by inserting ek 
before the final Vowel, so called firom its giving addition, completion, fullness or intensity, to the 
simple meaning of the Verb : in some of its uses, this form of the Verb resembles the Hebrew 
pihel: as, — 

Ukutanda, to love : UkutandEKa, to be beloved. 

Umtu otandayo, a person who loves : Umtu otandEKayo, a person who is beloved. 
Amanzi apalaza, the water poured out : Amanzi apalazeka, the water was spilled. 
Umtu uyasizwa, the man is helped : Umtu uyasizeka, the man is assisted by help. 

p 



22 



VOICES. 



4. There are two Voices the Active and the Passive to the Simple, Objective, and Causative 
forms of the Verb : the other forms have no distinction of Voice. The Passive is formed from the 
Active by inserting w before the final Vowel : as, — 

Diyatanda : I love. Diyatandwa : I am loved. 

MOODS. 

5. There are six Moods, the Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative, Potential, Optative, and 

Subjunctive. 

tenses. 

6. The Tenses are formed by prefixing the Substantive Verb to the Root of the Verb which is 
conjugated, and by changing in some cases its termination. 

7. The Tenses of the Kafir Verb are very numerous, for many Tenses have several forms all 
of the same meaning : This great variety renders their arrangement a matter of some difficulty : 
Among the various schemes for the arrangement and nomenclature of the Tenses recommended by 
Grammarians, the following, taken from the Notes to the Rev. Mr. Walker's translation of Schel- 
ler's Latin Grammar 2 vols. 8vo. appears to me most simple and complete, and well adapted to 
exemplify the various meanings of the Tenses of the Kafir Verb, 

division of tenses. 

8. The Tenses of the Verb have reference to the Time and to the St.4te of the Action : The 
Time of an Action is either Present, or Past, or Future Present, or Future Past : the state 
of an Action is either Indefinite, or Imperfect, or Perfect : hence there are four principal divi- 
sions of Tenses as respects Time, and each of these is subdivided into three Tenses pointing out 
the State of an Action, making in all twelve Tenses, which point out with great nicety, both th« 
Time and the State of the Action of the Verb. 



time. 


STATE OF THE ACTION. 


EXAMPLES KAFIR AND ENGLISH. 


Present 


Indefinite 


Diyatanda, I love. 


— 


Imperfect 


Diyawatanda, &c. I am loving. 




Perfect 


Ditandile, &c. I have loved. 


Past 


Indefinite 


Datanda, I loved. 


— 


Imperfect 


Benditanda, &c. I was loving. 




Perfect 


Benditandile, &c. I had loved. 


Future Present 


Indefinite 


Diyakutanda, &c. I shall or will love. 


— 


Imperfect 


Diyakubanditanda, &c. I shall be loving. 


— 


Perfect 


Diyakubanditandile &c. I shall have loved. 


Future Past 


Indefinite 


Bendiyakutanda, &c. I should love. 


— 


Imperfect 


Bendiyakubanditanda, I should be loving. 




Perfect 


Bendiyakubanditandile, I should have loved. 



9. It will be seen that although the Kafir Verb has only five changes of termination, yet by 
means of the auxiliary Substantive Verb, it can express the Times and States of an Action with 
a, degree of nicety which we scarcely expect to find in the language of an uncivilized people. 



23 



IIUMBER. 



10. Their are two Numbers, the Singular and the Plural ; but the Reciprocal form of the 



Verb has no Singular Number. 



PERSON. 



11. There are three Persons as in other languages ; — The third Person Singular is governed by 
eight Classes of Nouns, and changes its initial letter or syllable according to the Prefix of the 
Nominative which governs it : the Plural is governed by four classes of Nouns, and accordingly 
Changes its initial letter or syllable four times. 



COMPOUND VERBS. 



12. Besides the six Forms of Verbs which are conjugated by the help of the Substantive Verb, 
there is a numerous Class of Verbs, compounded with certain Adverbs and Verbs, which are very 
troublesome to the learner ; the principal words which thus unite with the Verbs are ke, kanda, 
SA, SE, and the Verb ukuza, to come. 



REGULAR VERBS. 



13. The various Forms or Conjugations of the Verbs take the prefixes of the Substantive Verb 
in the same manner : most of the Verbs are regular and take the prefixes according to the model 
Ukutanda, which is given in No. 16 in the Active voice, affirmatively and negatively. 



irregular verbs. 

14. The Verbs which begin with a Vowel vary in some respects from the model Tanda, in conse- 
quence of a contraction of the Vowel before the prefixes : and several other Verbs form their Past 
Tenses of the Active Voice, and the Present and Past Tenses of the Passive Voice irregularly. 

[|SEE verbs beginning WITH A VOWEL AND VERBS IRREGULAR IN THE INFLECTED TENSES SEC. 7.^ 

FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

15. No separate paradigm is allotted to the Passive Voice, as the Passive is formed from the Ac- 
tire, by changing the terminations of the Verb ; as, — 

Tanda, into Tandwa, 

Tande, into Tandwe. 

Tandile into Tandiwe. 

Tandanga into Tandwanga. 

Tandi into Tandwa. 

PARADIGM OF A REGULAR VERB ACTIVE. 

16. A Verb which takes the^refixes regularly^ is conjugated as the following Verb Ukutanda : — 

F 2 



24 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Uku-tanda, to love. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present Indefinite Tense. 



SiKG. I do love, &c. Plural. 



Sing. I do not love, &c. Plural. 



1. Diya-tanda, 




Siya-tanda, 




1. Andi-tandi, 




Asi-tandi, 


2. Uya „ 




Niya „ 




2. Aku „ 


Ani „ 


3. I. Uya „ 




IX. Baya „ 




3. Aka „ 


Aba „ 


II. Liya „ 




X. Aya „ 




Ali „ 


Aka „ 


III. lya „ 




XI. Ziya „ 




Ayi „ 


Azi „ 


IV. Siya „ 




XII. lya „ 




Asi „ 


Ayi „ 


V. Luya „ 






Alu „ 


VI. Uya „ 






Awu „ 


VII. Buya „ 






Abu „ 


VIII. Kuya „ 


. 




Aku „ 




Present 


Imperfect Tense. 
No. 1. 


Sing. I loving &c. Plural 


Sing. I not loving Sic. Plural. 


1. Di-tanda, 




Si-tanda, 




1. Dinge, Dinga-tandi, 


Singe, Singa-tandi 


2. U „ 




Ni „ 




2. Unge, Unga „ 


Ninge, Ninga „ 


3. I. E, U, A, 




IX. Be „ 




3. Enge, Enga „ 


Benge, Benga „ 


II- Li „ 




X. E,A„ 




Linge, Linga „ 


Enge, Enga „ 


III. I „ 




XI. Zi „ 




Inge, Inga „ 


Zmge, Zinga „ 


IV. Si „ 




XII. I „ 




Singe, Singa „ 


Inge, Inga ,. 


V. Lu „ 


>y 




Lunge, Lunga „ 


VI. U „ 


}> 




Unge, Unga „ 


VII. Bu „ 


St 




Bunge, Bunga „ 


VIII. Ku „ 


3» 




Kunge, Kunga „ 






No. 2. 


Sing. I am 


loving, &c Plural. 


Sing. I am not loving, &c. PluRal. 


1. Diyawa-tanda, 


Siyawa-tanda 


1. Andiyawa-tandi, Asiyawa-tandi, 


2. Uyawa 


}> 


Niyawa 


}} 


2. Akuyawa „ Aniyawa „ 


3. I. Uyawa 


}f 


IX. Bayawa 


}f 


3. Akayawa „ 


Abayawa „ 


II. Liyawa 


)> 


X. Ayawa 


t> 


Aliyawa „ 


Akayawa „ 


III. lyawa 


>> 


XI. Ziyawa 


}> 


Ayiyawa „ 


Aziyawa „ 


IV. Siyawa 


» 


XII. Ayawa 


)t 


Asiyawa „ 


Ayiyawa ,, 


V. Luyawa 


)t 




Aluyawa „ 


VI. Uyawa 


}f 




Awuyawa „ 


VII. Buyawa 


f> 




Abuyawa „ 


YIII. Kuyawa 


)» 








Akuyawa „ 







25 



Present Perfect Tense. 



Sing. I have loved, &c. 
1. Di-tandile, or tande. 



2. U „ 
3. 1. E, A, U, 

The other Prefixes of this form are as those of the 
Affirmative of the Present Imperfect Tense, No. 1. 



Plural. 

Si-tandile or tande 
Ni „ 
Be, Ba, 



Sing. I have not loved 
1. Andi-tandile, or tande. 



Plural. 

Asi-tandile, or tande, 

Ani „ 

Aba ,, ,, 



2. Aku 

o. xVRa „ ,, 

The other Prefixes of this form are as those of tlie 
Negative of the Present Indefinite Tense. 

No. 2. 

1. Dinge, or Dmga-tandile, or tande, &c. 

As the Prefixes of the Negative of the Present Im- 
perfect Tense, No. 1. 

No. 3. 

1. Dinga-tandanga, &c. 

As the Prefixes of the Negative of the Present Imper- 
fect Tense, No. 1, 



Past Indefinite Tense. 



Sing. I loved or did love, &c. 

1. Da-tanda 

2. Wa „ 

3. I. Wa „ IX. 
II. La „ X. 

III. Ya „ XI. 

IV. Sa „ XII. 
V. Lwa „ 

VI. Wa „ 

VII. Ba „ 

VIII. Kwa „ 



Plural. 

Sa-tanda 

Na „ 

Ba „ 

A 

Za „ 

Ya „ 



Sing, I did not love &c. 



Plural. 
Asa-tanda, 

Ana „ 
Aba „ 
Aka „ 

Aya „ 



No. 2, 
Andi-tandanga, &c. 

As the Prefixes of the Negative of the Present Inde- 
finite Tense. 



1. 


Anda-t 


anda. 


2. 


Akwa 




3. 


Aka 






Ala 






Aya 






Asa 






Aiwa 






Awa 






Aba 






Akwa 





1 



Past Imperfect Tense. 
I was loving, &c. 



Sing. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


1. Bendi, 


Dibendi, 


Dandi, 


2. Ubu, 


Ubeu, 


Wau, 


3. I. Ebe, 


Ebee, 


Wae, 


II. Beli, 


Libeli, 


Lali, 


III. Ibi, 


Ibei, 


Yai, 


IV. Besi, 


Sibesi, 


Sasi, 


V. Belu, 


Lubelu, 


Lwalu, 


VI. Ubu, 


Ubuu, 


Wau, 


VII. Bebu, 


Bubebu, 


Babu, 


VIII. Beku, 


Kubeku. 


Kwaku, 



4. 


5. 


Dabendi, 


Dandibendi-tanda 


Wabu, 


Waubeu „ 


Wabe, 


Waebee „ 


Labeli, 


Lalibeli „ 


Yabei, 


Yaibei „ 


Sabesi, 


Sasibesi „ 


Lwabelu, 


Lwalubelu „ 


Wabu, 


Waubeu ,, 


Babebu, 


Babubebu „ 


Kwabeku, 


Kwakubeku „ 



26 



Sing. No. 6. 

1. Dayendi, 

2. Wayu, 

3. I. Waye, 
11. Layeli, 

III. Yayeyi, 

IV. Sayesi, 
V. Wayelu, 

VI. Wayu, 
VII. Bayebu, 
VIII. Kwayeku, 

Plu. No. 1. 

1. Besi, 

2. Beni, 

3. IX. Bebe, 

X. Ebe, 
XI. Bezi, 

XII. Ibi, 

Plu. No. 6. 

1. Sayesi, 

2. Nayeni, 

3. IX. Bayebe, 

X. Ayee, 

XI. Zayezi, 
XII. Yayei, 



2. 
Sibesi, 
Nibeni, 
Bebebe, 
Ebee 
Zibezi, 
Ibei, 



Dayebendi, 

Wayubu, 

Wayebe, 

Layebeli, 

Yayebei, 

Sayebesi, 

Lwayebelu, 

Wayubu, 

Bayebebu, 

Kwayebeku, 

3. 

Sasi, 

Nani, 

Babe, 

Ae, 

Zazi, 

Yai, 



Sayebesi, 

Nayebeni, 

Bayebebe, 

Ayebe, 

Zayebezi, 

Yayebei, 



4. 

Sabesi, 

Nabeni, 

Babebe, 

Abee, 

Zazi, 

Yabei, 



Dayendiben di-tanda, 

Wayubeu „ 

Wayebee „ 

Layelibeli „ 

Yayeibei „ 

Sayesibesi „ 

Lwayelubelu „ 

Wayubeu „ 

Bayebubebu „ 

Kwayekubeku „ 



Sasibesi-tanda, 
Nanibeni „ 
Babebebe „ 
Aebee „ 
Zazibezi „ 
Yaibei „ 

8. 
Sayesibesi — tanda 

Nayenibeni, „ 

Bayebebebe, ;,, 

Ayeebee, „ 

Zayezibezi, „ 

Yayeibei, „ 



The Negatives of the Eight preceding forms of the Past Imperfect Tense are formed by the 
addition of nga to the Prefix, and by changing the final a of the Ptoot into i ; thus, — 



No. 1. Bendinga tandi, 

„ 2. 

., 3. 

„ 4. 

„ 5. 

„ 6. 



Dibendinga 
Dandinga 
Dabendinga 
Dandibendinga 



Dayendinga 

7. Dayebendinga „ 

8. Dayendibendinga „ 



Ubunga — tandi, &c. 
Ubeunga „ 
V^aunga „ 
Wabunga ,, 
Waubeunga „ 
Wayunga „ 
Wayubunga „ 
Wayubeunga,, 



I, Thou was not loving. 



}f 


}} 


» 


}) 


}> 


}} 



Sometimes the Negatives of the above Eight forms instead of tandi, take tandanga : thus,- 



No. 1. Bendinga — 

„ 2. Dibendinga 

„ 3. Dandinga 

., 4. Dabendinga 

„ 5. Dandibendinga 

„ 6. Dayendinga 

„ 7. Dayebendinga 

,. 8. Dayendibendinga 



-tandanga, &rc. 



I was not loving, &c 



27 



Past Perfect Tense. 

This Tense has Eight forms, corresponding in its Affirmative and Negative with those of the 
Past Imperfect Tense, from which it differs only in the termination of the Verb : as, — 



No. 





I had loved. 


&c. 


1. 


Bendi tandile. 


or tande,&c, 


2. 


Dibendi „ 


}} 


3- 


Dandi „ 


}> 


4. 


Dabendi „ 


}} 


5. 


Dandibendi „ 


}> 


6. 


Dayendi „ 


}} 


7. 


Dayebendi „ 


J5 


8. 


Dayendibendi , 


}} 





I had not loved &c. 


1. 

2. 
3. 


Bendinga — tandile or tande &c. 
Dibendinga ,, „ 
Dandinga „ „ 


4. 
5. 


Dabendinga „ „ 
Dandibendinga,, „ 


6. 

7. 
8. 


Dayendinga „ „ 
Dayebendinga „ „ 
Dayendibendinga „ 



Future Present Indefinite Tense. 
I shall or will love. 



Sing. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


1. Do, 


Diya-ku, 


Dandiya-ku, 


Dayendiyaku- 


2. Wo, 


Uya „ 


Wauya „ 


Wayuyaku 


3. I. Wo, 


A, E, Uyaku, 


Waeya ,, 


• Wayeyaku 


II. Lo, 


Liya-ku, 


Laliya „ 


Layeliyaku 


III. Yo, 


lya „ 


Yaiya „ 


Yayeiyaku 


IV. So, 


Siya „ 


Sasiya „ 


Sayesiyaku 


V. Lwo, 


Luya „ 


Lwaluya „ 


Lwayeluyaku 


VI. Wo, 


Uya „ 


Wauya „ 


Wayuyaku 


VII. Bo, 


Buya „ 


Babuya „ 


Bayebuyaku 


VIII. Ko, 


Kuya „ 


Kwakuya , 


Kwayekuyaku 


Plu. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


1. So, 


Siya-ku, 


Sasiya-ku. 


Sayesiyaku — ■ 


2. No, 


Niya „ 


Naniya „ 


Nayeniyaku 


3. IX. Bo, 


Baya „ 


Babeya „ 


Bayebeyaku 


X. 0, 


Aya „ 


Aeya „ 


Ayeeyaku 


XI. Zo, 


Ziya „ 


Zaziya „ 


Zayeziyaku 


XII. Yo, 


lya „ 


Yaiya „ 


Yayeiyaku 



-tanda. 



tanda. 



I shall or will not love, &c. 



There are Seven forms of Negatives which correspond to the 1st. and 2nd. forms of the Future 
Present Indefinite Tense : and two forms which correspond to the 3rd. and 4th. forms : The pre- 
fixes of these Nine forms are used in the Negatives of the Future Present Imperfect Tense with a 
trifling addition. 

G 2 



28 



Negatives of the 1st. and 2nd. forms. 



Sing, No. 1. 2. 

1 . Andi-ku, Andiyi- 

2. Aku „ Akuyi 

3. I. Aka „ Akayi 
II. Ali „ Aliyi 

Hi. Ayi „ Ayiyi 

IV. Asi „ Asiyi 

V. Alu „ Aluyi 

VI. Awu„ Awuyi 

VII. Abu „ Abuyi 

ViII. Aku „ Akuyi 



ku 



Andiya-ku 
Akuya „ 
Akaya „ 
Ally a „ 
Ayiya „ 
Asiya „ 
Aluya „ 
Awuya „ 
Abuya „ 
Akuya „ 



4. 
Dinge-ku 
Unge „ 
Enge „ 
Linge „ 
Inge „ 
Singe „ 
Lunge „ 
Unge „ 
Bunge „ 
Kunge ,. 



5. 

l)ingasa-ku 
Ungasa „ 
Engasa „ 
Lingasa „ 
Ingasa „ 
Singasa „ 
Lungasa „ 
Ungasa „ 
Bungasa „ 
Kungasa,, 



6. 

Andisa-ku 
Akusa „ 

Alisa ,, 

Ayisa „ 

Asisa „ 

Alusa „ 

Awusa „ 

Abusa „ 

Akusa „ 



Andisayiku-tanda, 

Akusayiku „ 

Akasayiku „ 

Alisayiku „ 

Ayisayiku „ 

Asisayiku „ 

Alusayiku „ 

Awusayiku „ 

Abusayiku „ 

Akusayiku „ 



Plu. No. 1. 

1. Asi-ku 

2. Ani,, 

3. IX. Aba,, 

X. Aka„ 

XI. Azi „ 

XII. Ayi „ 



2. 
Asiyi-ku 
Aniyi „ 
Abayi „ 
Akayi „ 
Aziya „ 
Ayiyi ., 



Sing. 
1. 
2. 

3. I. 
II. 

III. 

IV. 
V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 



No. 1. 
Dandingasa-ku, 

Waungasa „ 
Waengasa „ 
Lalingasa ,, 
Yaingasa ,, 
Sasingasa „ 
Lwal ungasa „ 
Waungasa ,, 
Babungasa „ 
Kwakungasa,, 



3. 

Asiya-ku 
Aniya „ 
Abaya „ 
Akaya „ 
Aziya ., 
Ayiya „ 



4. 

Singe-ku 
Ninge „ 
Benge „ 
Enge „ 
Zinge „ 
Inge „ 



Singasa-ku 
Ningasa „ 
Bengasa „ 
Engasa „ 
Zingasa „ 
Ingasa ,, 



Negatives of the 3rd. and 4th. forms. 



6. 

Asisa-ku 
Anisa „ 
Abasa ,5 
Akasa „ 
Azisa „ 
Ayisa „ 



2. 
Dayendingasa-ku — tanda. 

Weyungasa „ „ 

Wayengasa „ „ 

Layelingasa „ „ 

Yayeingasa „ „ 

Sayesingasa „ „ 

Lwayelungasa „ „ 

Wayungasa „ „ 

Bayebungasa ,, „ 

Kwayekungasa „ „ 



Plu. No. 1. 

Sasingasa-ku 

Naningasa , 

IX. Babengasa, 

X. Aengasa , 

XI. Zazingasa , 

XII. Yaingasa 



Asisayiku-tanda, 

Anisayiku 

Abasayiku 

Akasayiku 

Azisayiku 

Ayisayiku 



Sayesingasa-ku-tanda, 

Nayeningasa „ 
Bayebengasa „ 
Ayeengasa „ 
Zayezingasa „ 
Yayeingasa „ 



Future Present Imperfect Tense. 



Sing. No. L 

1 . Diyawaku, 

2. Uyawaku, 

3. I. Eyawaku, 
11. Liyawaku, 

III. lyawaku, 

IV. Siyawaku, 
V. Luyawaku, 

VI. Uyawaku, 

VII. B uyawaku, 

VIII. Kuyawaku, 



I shall or will be loving &c. 

2. 

Dobandi, 

Wobau, 

Wobae, 

Lobali, 

Yobai, 

Sobusi, 

Lwobalu, 

Wobau, 

Bobabu, 

Kwobakuj 



3. 
D obandibendi-tanda 
Wobaubeu 
Wobaebee 
Lobalibeli 
Yobaibei 
Sobasibesi 
Lwobalubelu 
Wobaubeu 
Bobabubebu 
Kwobakubeku 



29 



Sing, No. 4. 

1. Diyakubandi, &c. 

7. 
I 1. Dandiyakubandibendi, &c. 



Diyakubandibendi, &c. 

8. 
Dayendiyakubandi, &c. 



6. 
Dandiyakubandi, &c. 

9. 

Dayendiyakubandibendi, &c. 



The Prefixes of the forms No. 4 to 9 are the same with those of the Tenses of which they are 
compounded, and need not be given in full. 



Plu. 

1. 
2. 

3. IX. 

X. 

XI. 



No. 1. 

Siyawaku, 

Niyaku, 

Bayawaku, 

Ayawaku, 

Ziyawaku, 



XII. lyawaku, 

Plu. No. 4. 

1. Siyakubasi, &c. 

7. 
1. Sasiyakubasibesi, &c. 



Sobasi, 

Nobani, 

Bobabe, 

Obaa, 

Zobazi, 

Yobai, 



Siyakubasibesi, &c. 

8. 
Sayesiyakubasi, &c. 



Sobasibesi — tanda. 

Nobanibeni 

Bobabebebe 

Obaabee 

Zobazibezi 

Yobaibei 

6, 

Sasiyakubasi, &c. 

9. 

Sayesiyakubasibesi, &c. 



I shall or will not be loving. &c. 

There are Eighteen forms of the Negative which are compounded of the Negatives of the Fu- 
ture Present Indefinite, with the addition of bandi, and bandi-bendi, &c. of the Future Imperfect : 
It is sufficient to give the first person singular of each form. 



No. 1. Andikubandi 

,^ 2. Andikubandibendi 

„ 3. Andiyikubandi 

„ 4. Andiyikubandibendi 

„ 5. Andiyakubandi 

„ 6. Andiyakubandibendi 

„ 7. Andisakubandi 

„ 8. Andisakubandibendi 

„ 9. Andisayikubandi 



-tanda. 






No. 10. Andisayikubandibendi — tanda, 

11. Dingekubandi ,, 

12. Dingekubandibendi „ 

13. Dingasakubandi „ 

14. Dingasakubandibendi „ 

15. Dandingasakubandi „ 

16. Dandingasakubandibendi „ 

17. Dayendingasakubandi „ 

18. Dayendingasakubanbendi „ 



Future Present Perfect Tense. 
I shall or will have loved &c. 



This Tense has Eight forms of Prefixes in the Affirmative, which are the same as the last Eight 
forms of the Affirmatives of the Future Present Imperfect Tense, from which it differs only in the 
termination of the Verb : thus, — 



No. 1. Dobandi 

„ 2. Dobandibendi 

„ 3. Diyakubandi 

„ 4. Diyakubandibendi 



-taridile or tande. 



No. 5. 



Dandiyakubandi 



-tandile or tande. 



6. Dandiyakubandibendi 

7. Dayendiyakubandi 

8. Dayendiyakubandibendi 



H 



30 



I shall or will not have loved &c. 



This Tense has Eighteen forms of the Negative, the Prefixes of which are those of the Future 
Present Imperfect Tense. 



No. 1. Andikvibandi 

,, 2. Andikubandibendi 

„ 3* Andiyikubandi 

„ 4. Andiyikubandibendi 

., 5. Andiyakubandi 

„ 6. Andiyakubandibendi 

„ 7. Andisakubandi 

,, 8. Andisakubandibendi 

„ 9. Andisayikubandi 



-tandile or tande. 



No. 10. Andisayikubandibendi — tandile or tande. 

„ 11. Dingekubandi „ 

„ 12. Dingekubandibendi „ 

„ 13. Dingasakubandi „ 

„ 14. Dingasakubandibendi „ 

„ 15. Dandingasakubandi „ 

„ 16. Dandingasakubandibendi „ 

„ 17. Dayendingasakubandi „ 

„ 18. Dayendingasakubandibendi „ 



Future Past Indefinite Tense. 



I should or would love &c. 



Sing. No. 1. 



4. 



1. Bendiya-ku, 


Dibendiya-ku, 


Dabendiya-ku, 


Dandibendiyaku — tanda, 


2. Ubuya „ 


Ubeuya „ 


Wabuya „ 


Waubeuyaku ,» 


3. I. Ebeya „ 


Ebeeya „ 


Wabeya „ 


Waebeeyaku „ 


II. Beliya „ 


Libeliya „ 


Labeliya „ 


Lalibeliyaku :, 


III. Ibiya 


Ibeiya „ 


Yabeiya „ 


Yaibeiyaku „ 


IV. Besiya „ 


Sibesiya „ 


Sabesiya „ 


Sasibesiyaku „ 


V. Beluya „ 


Lubeluya „ 


Lwabeluya „ 


Lwalubeluyaku „ 


VI. Ubuya „ 


Ubuuya „ 


Wabuya „ 


Waubeuyaku „ 


VII. Bebuya „ 


Bubebuya „ 


Babebuya „ 


Babubebuyaku „ 


VIII. Bekuya „ 


Kubekuya „ 


Kwabekuya „ 


Kwakubekuyaku „ 


Plu. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


1. Besiya-ku, 


Sibesiya-ku, 


Sabesiya-ku, 


Sasibesiyaku — tanda, 


2. Beniya „ 


Nibeniya „ 


Nabeniya „ 


Nanibeniyaku „ 


3. IX. Bebeya „ 


Bebebeya „ 


Babebeya „ 


Babebebeyaku „ 


X. Ebeya „ 


Ebeeya „ 


Abeeya „ 


Aebeeyaku „ 


XI. Beziya „ 


Zibeziya „ 


Zaziya „ 


Zazibeziyaku „ 


XII. Ibiya „ 


Ibeiya „ 


Yabeiya „ 


Yaibeiyaku „ 




I should or 


would not love, &c. 




Sing. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


1. Bendingasaku, 


Dibendingasaku, 


Dabendingasaku, 


Dandibendingasaku-tanda. 


Plu. No. 1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


1. Besingasaku, 


Sibesingasaku, 


Sabesingasaku, 


Sasibesingasaku-tanda 



These foHow the variations of the Tenses of which they are compounded. [^See Pages 25, 28.]] 



31 

Future Past Imperfect Tense. 

I should or would be loving, &c. 

As this Tense is compounded of the preceding Tense, and bandi and bandibendi, it will not be 
necessary to give more than the first person singular of each form. Affirmative and Negative : 
thus, — 

No. 1. Bendiyakubandi tanda. No. 5. Dabendiyakubandi tanda, 

„ 2. Bendiyakubandibendi „ „ 6. Dabendiyakubandibendi „ 

„ 3. Dibendiyakubandi „ „ 7. DandibendiyaKubandi „ 

„ 4. Dibendiyakubandibendi „ „ 8. Dandibendiyakubandibendi „ 

I should or would not be loving &c. 

No. 1. Bendingasakubandi tanda. No. 5. Dabendingasakubandi tanda, 

„ 2. Bendingasakubandibendi ,. „ 6. Dabendingasakubandibendi „ 

J, 3. Dibendingasakubandi „ „ 7. Dandibendingasakubandi „ 

s, 4. Dibendingasakubandibendi „ „ 8. Dandibendingasakubandibendi , 

Future Past Perfect Tense. 

I should or would have loved, &c. 

This Tense has Eight forms of the Prefixes in the Affirmative and Negative, which are the 
same as those of the Future Past Imperfect Tense, from which this Tense differs only in the ter- 
mination of the Verb ; one example of each form will be sufficient. 

No. 1. Bendiyakubandi tandile or tande. 

2. Bendiyakubandibendi „ „ 

3. Dibendiyakubandi „ „ 

4. Dibendiyakubandibendi „ „ 

5. Dabendiyakubandi „ „ 

6. Dabendiyakubandibendi „ „ 

7. Dandibendiyakubandi „ „ 

8. Dandibendiyakubandibendi „ „ 

I should or would not have loved, &c. 

No. 1. Bendingasakubandi tandile, or tande. 

„ 2. Bendingasakubandibendi „ 

„ 3. Dibendingasakubandi „ 



4. Dibendingasakubandibendi 

5. Dabendingasakubandi 

6. Dabendingasakubandibendi 






„ 7. Dandibendingasakubandi „ 

„ 8. Dandibendingasakubandibendi „ 

It will be observed that in the preceding Future Tenses, only one example of the form diya= 
WAKU is introduced ; however in all cases where diyaku occurs in the Future Present Perfect, and 
the Future Past Imperfect, and the Future Past Perfect Tenses, the form diyawaku may be used 
with the same Prefixes or Affixes. 

H 2 



32 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Present Indefinite Tense. 



Singular. Let me love < 


&c. 


Plural. 


Singular. Let me not love he. Plural. 


1. Manditande, 




Masitande, 


1. Mandinga—tandi, 


Masinga-tandi^ 


2. Tanda 




Tandani, 


2. Unga 


Ninga „ 


Mautande, 




Manitande, 


Maunga „ 


Maninga „ 


3.1. Maka-tande, 


IX. 


Maba— tande. 


3. Makanga „ 


Mabanga „ 


II. Mali 


X. 


Maka „ 


Malinga „ 


Makanga „ 


III. Mai 


XI. 


Mazi „ 


Mainga „ 


Mazinga „ 


IV. Masi „ - 


XIL 


Mai 


Masinga „ 


Mainga „ 


V. Malu 






Malunga ^, 




VI. Mau 






Maunga „ 




VII. Mabu „ 






Mabunga „ 




VIII. Maku „ 






Makunga „ 








Present Imperfect Tense. 




Singular. 




Let me be loving &c. Plural. 




1. Mandibendi — 


tanda, 




1 . Masibesi —tanda 




2. Maubeu 


jj 




2. Manibeni „ 




Yibau 


}f 




Yibanini „ 




3. I. Makabee 


>' 




3. IX. Mababebe 




II. Malibeli 


)> 




X. Makabee „ 




III. Maibei 


>} 




XL Mazibezi „ 




IV. Masibesi 


}> 




XIL Maibei 




V. Malubelu 


}} 






VI. Maubeu 


}t 






VII. Mabubebu 


}> 






VIII. Makubeku 


}f 






Singular. 


Let 


me not be loving &c. Plural, 




1. Mandibendinga — t 


andi. 




1. Masibesinga — tandi 


► 


2. Maubeunga 


>f 




2. Manibeninga „ 




Yibaunga 


}f 




Yibanininga „ 




3. I. Makabeenga 


}> 




3. IX, Mababebenga „ 




II. Malibelinga 


3> 




X. Makabeenga „ 




III. Maibeinga 


ft 




XL Mazibezinga „ 




IV. Masibesinga 


}} 




XIL Maibeinga „ 




V. Malubelunga 


}} 






VI. Maubeunga 


}t 


. 




VII. Mabubebunga 


}> 






VIII. Makubekunga 


y> 











33 



Present Perfect Tense. 



Singular. 


Let 


me have loved, &c. 


Plural. 






1. Mandibendi 


-tandile. 


or tande. 


1. Masibesi tandile, or 


tande. 


2. Maubeu 


» 


„ 


2. Manibeni 


99 


99 


Yibau 


)i 


99 


Yibanini 


99 


99 


3. I. Makabee 


}} 


99 


3. IX. Mababebe 


99 


99 


II. Malibeli 


}> 


99 


X. Makabee 


)9 


}t 


III. Maibei 


}} 


99 


XL Mazibezi 


99 


99 


IV. Masibesi 


» 


99 


XII. Maibei 


t» 


99 


V. Malubelu 


99 


99 








VI. Maubeu 


99 


99 








VII. Mabubebu 


99 


99 ^ 


/ 






VIII. Makubeku 


9) 


99 








Singular. 


Let me not have loved, &c. Plural 






1. Mandibendinga- 

2. Maubeunga 
Yibaunga 

3. I. Makabeenga 
II. Malibelinga 

III. Maibeinga 

IV. Masibesinga 
V. Malubelu 


— tandile, 

99 
99 
99 
99 
)9 
99 
99 


or tan 

> 

9 
9 
9. 

9 
9i 

91 


de. 


1. Masibesinga— 

2. Manibeninga 
Yibanininga 

3. IX. Mababebenga 

X. Makabeenga 
XL Mazibezinga 
XII. Maibeinga 


-tandile, 

99 
99 
99 
9) 
99 
99 


or tande 

99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 


VI. Maubeu 


t9 


9 










VII. Mabubebunga 
VIII. Makubekunga 


99 
99 


9 

91 











POTENTIAL MOOD. 



Sing. I may or can love, &c. 



Present Indefinite Tense. 

Plural. Sing. I may or can not love, &c. Plural. 

Asinge-tande, 
Aninge „ 
Abange „ 
Akange „ 
Azinge „ 
Ayinge „ 



1. Dinga-tanda, 


Singa-tanda, 


1. Andinge-tande 


2. Unga „ 


Ninga „ 


2. Akunge „ 


3. I. A, Enga,, 


IX. Banga „ 


3. Akange „ 


11. Linga „ 


X. Anga 


Alinge 


III. Inga 


XL Zinga „ 


Ayinge 


IV. Singa „ 


XII. Inga „ 


Asinge „ 


V. Lunga „ 




Alunge „ 


VI. Unga „ 




Awunge „ 


VII. Bunga „ 




Abunge „ 


VIII. Kunga „ 




Akunge „ 



34 

Present Imperfect Tense. 

This Tense is formed from the preceding dinga^ with the addition of bandi and bandibendi : 
one example of the Affirmative and Negative of each form will be sufficient. 

I may or can be loving, &c. I may or can not be loving, &c. 

No. 1. Dingabandi — tanda, &c. No. 1. Andingebendi — tande or tanda, &c. 

„ 2. Dingabandibendi „ „ 2. Andingebendibendi „ „ 



Present Perfect Tense. 

This Tense only varies from the preceding Present Imperfect Tense in taking the terminations 
tandile or tande, instead of tanda. 



I may or can have loved, &c. 

No. 1. Dingabandi tandile or tande, &c. 

„ 2. Dingabandibendi „ „ 



I may or can not have loved, &c. 

No. 1. Andingebendi- tandile, &c. 

„ 2. Andingebendibendi „ 



Past Indefinite Tense. 

This Tense is formed from dinga, and the Prefixes of the Past Imperfect Tense of the Indica- 
tive Mood : as its changes of Prefix follow the Tenses from which it is derived, one example of 
the Negative and Affirmative of each form will be sufficient : — 



I might or could love, &c. 
-tanda, &c. 



No. 


1. 


Bendinga 1 


>i 


2. 


Dibendinga 


}> 


3. 


Dandinga 


3> 


4. 


Dabendinga 


}} 


5. 


Dandibendinga 


}} 


6. 


Dayendinga 


}y 


7. 


Dayebendinga 


}} 


8. 


D ayendibendinga 



I might or could not love, &c. 

No- 1. Bendinge tande, &c. 

„ 2. Andibendinge „ 

„ 3. Dandinge „ 

„ 4. Dabendinge „ 

„ 5. Dandibendinge „ 

„ 6. Dayendinge „ 

„ 7. Dayebendinge „ 

„ 8. Dayendibendinge „ 



1. 
o 



. I. 

II. 

III. 



Singular. 

Gandi or Gendi- 
Gau, or Geu 
Gae, or Gee 
Gali, or Geli 
Gai, or Gei 



Past Imperfect Tense. 
I might or could be loving, &c. 



-tanda. 



IV. Gasi, or Gesi 
V. Galu, or Gelu, or Golu 
VI. Gau, or Geu 
VII. Gabu, or Gebu, or Gobu 
VIII. Gaku, or Geku 



No. 1. Plural. 

1. Gasi, or Gesi — tanda, 

2. Gani, or Geni „ 

3. IX. Gabe, or Gebe „ 

X. Gaa, or Gea ,, 

XI. Gazi, or Gezi „ 

XII. Gai, or Gei „ 



35 



I might 

SING. 

1. Gandinga, or Gendinga — tanda. 

2. Gaunga, or Geunga „ 

3. I. Gaenga, orGeenga „ 
II. Galinga, or Gelinga „ 

III. Gainga, or Geinga „ 

IV. Gasinga, or Gesinga „ 
V. Galiinga, or Gelunga „ 

VI. Gaunga, or Geunga „ 

VII. Gabunga, or Gebunga „ 

VIII. Gakunga, or Gekunga „ 

All the other forms of this Tense, are 
one example of each form in the Negativ 

I might or could be loving, &c. 
No. 2. Gendibendi tanda, &c. 



or could not 1)6 loving, &c. 

■No. 1. PLU. 

1. Gasinga, or Gesinga — tandL 

2. Ganinga, or Geninga ,, 

3. IX. Gabenga, or Gebenga ,, 

X. Gaanga, or Geanga „ 

XI. Gazinga, or Gezinga „ 

XII. Gainga, or Geinga ,, 



3. Gendibendiya 

4. Gendibandi „ 

5. Gendibandibendi „ 

6. Bendingabandi „ 

7. Dibendingabandi „ 

8. Dandingabandi „ 

9. Dabendingabandi „ 
10. Dandibendingabandi „ 
31. Dayendingabandi „ 

12. Dayebendingabandi „ 

13. Dayendibendingabandi „ 

14. Bendingabandibe.ndi „ 

15. Dibendingabandibendi . „ 

16. Dandingabandibendi „ 

17. Dabendingabandibendi „ 

18. Dandibendingabandibendi,, 

19. Dayendingabandibendi „ 

20. Dayebendingabandibendi „ 

21. Dayendibendingabandibendi 

22. Dingandi „ 

23. Bendingandi „ 

24. Dibendingandi ,, 

25. Dandingandi „ 

26. Dabendingandi „ 
27,, Dandibendingandi „ 

28. Dayendingandi ., 

29. Dayebendingandi „ 

30. Dayendibendingandi „ 



derived from gandi, gendi, dinga, and their compounds 
e and Affirmative will be sufficient. 

I might or could not be loving, &c. 

No. 2. Gendibendinga tandi 

,, 3. Gendiba-andi „ 

,. 4. Gendibandinga 



5. Gendibandibendinga 

6. Bendingebendi 



-tande or tanda. 



- 7. Andibendingebendi 

8. Dandingebendi 

9. Dabendingebendi 

10. D andibendingebendi 

11. Dayendingebendi 

12. Dayebendingebendi 

13. Dayendibendingebendi 

14. Bendingebendibendi 
15' Andibendingebendibendi 

16. Dandingebendibendi 

17. Dabendingebendibendi 

18. Dandibendingebendibendi 

19. Dayendingebendibendi 

20. Dayebendingebendibendi 

21. Dayendibendingebendibendi 



22. Dingandinga- 

23. Bendingandinga 
24- Dibendingandinga 

25. Dandingandinga 

26. Dabendingandinga 

27. Dandibendingandinga 

28. Dayendingandinga 

29. Dayebendingandinga 

30. Dayendibendingandinga 



-tandi or tandangav, 



Past Perfect Terue. 



I might or could have loved, &c. 

This Tense is derived from the preceding Past Imperfect Tense by adding to all the Thirty 
forms (except No. 3) tandile or tandb : thus, — 

No. 1. Gandi-tandile. No. 2. Gendibendi-tandile, 

•J 2 



36 

Future Present Indefinite Tense. 

It is very difficult to give the meanings of the Future Tenses of the Potential Mood in English : 
they all imply a supposition of the possibility of the action of the Verb being performed, or per- 
forming, or completed : thus, — 

I might be so, that I shall love then, &c. 
Gendiyaku-tanda, &c. 

I might be so, that I shall not love then, &c. 
Gcndingasaku-tanda &c. 

Future Present Imperfect Tense. 

I might be so, that I shall be loving then, &c. 

No. 1. Gendiyakubandi tanda &c. 

„ 2. Gendiyakubandibendi „ 

I might be so, that I shall not be loving then, &c. 



No. 1. Gendingasakubandi tanda &c. 

„ 2. Gendingasakubandibendi „ 



Future Present Perfect Tense. 
I might be so, that I shall have loved then, &c. 



No. 1. Gendiyakubandi tandile or tande, &c, 

„ 2. Gendiyakubandibendi „ „ 

I might be so, that I shall not have loved then, &c. 

No. 1. Gendingasakubandi tandile or tande, &c. 

„ 2. Gendingasakubandibendi „ „ 

Future Past Indefinite Tense. 

I might be so, that I should love, &c. 
Gendibendiyaku-tanda, &c. 
I might be so, that I should not love, &c. 
Gendibendingasaku-tanda. 



37 

Future Past Imperfect Tense. 
I might be so, that I should be loving, &c. 



No. 1. Gendibendiyakubandi — tanda, &c. 
„ 2. Gendibendiyakubandibendi „ 



I might be so, that I should not be loving, &c. 

No. 1. Gendibendingasakubandi tanda, &c. 

„ 2. Gendibendingasakubandibendi „ 

Future Past Perfect Tense. 

I might be so, that I should have loved, &c. 

No. 1. Gendibendiyakubandi tandile, or tande, &c. 

„ 2. Gendibendiyakubandibendi „ 

I might be so, that I should not have loved, &c. 

No. 1. Gendibendingasakubandi tandile, or tande, &c. 

„ 2, Gendibendingasakubandibendi „ 

OPTATIVE MOOD. 



The Present and Past Tenses of the Verb ukunga, to wish, when prefixed to a Verb, supply the 
place of an Optative Mood ; thus, — 

Sing. I wish, &c. Plu. 

1. Dinga 1. Singa 

2. Unga 2. Ninga 

3. Unga 3. Banga 

Sing. I wished &c. Plu. 

1. Danga 1. Sanga 

2. Wanga 2. Nanga 

3. Wanga 3. Banga 

Each of the above Tenses is usually repeated, or both of them are used together to express 
desire : thus, — 

Dinga-ndinga-tanda, I wish to love. Dinga-ndinga-ndi-tandile, I wish I had loved. 

Dinga-ndinga-ndi-tanda, I wish I was now loving Dinga-ndinga-ndibendi-tandile, „ 

Dinga-ndinga-ndibendi-tanda, „ „ Danga-ndinga-tanda, I wished to love. 

K 



38 

Sometimes ding a and danga are used to express I seem as if: thus, — 

Danga-ndiya-tanda, I seem or seemed as if I love or loved. 
Dinga-ndiya-tanda, „ „ „ „ 

Bendinga-ndiya-tanda, I seemed as if I loved. 

There are two forms akwabandiya-tanda and akwabanda-tanda, which mean, '0 if I do but 
love,' and 'O if I had but loved' : their Prefixes are as follows : — 



Singular. 


if I do but lovCj 


&c. Plural. 


1. Akwabandiya- 


-tanda. 


1. Akwabasiya — tanda. 


2. Akwabauya 




2. Akwabaniya „ 


3. I. Akwabauya 




3. IX. Akwababaya „ 


II. Akwabaliya 




X. Akwabaaya „ 


III. Akwabaiya 




XI. Akwabaziya „ 


IV. Akwabasiya 




XII. Akwabaiya „ 


V. Akwabaluya 




VI. Akwabauya 




VII. Akwababuya 




VIII. Akwabakuya 







O if I do but not love, &c. 

The Negative is akwaba prefixed to anditandi, &c. the Negative of the Present Indefinite 
Tense of the Indicative Mood, which see Page 24: thus, — 

Akwaba anditandi, &c. 



Singular, 

1. Akwabanda — tanda, 

2. Akwabawa „ 

3. I. Akwabawa „ 
II. Akwabala „ 

III. Akwabaya „ 

IV. Akwabasa „ 
V. Akwabalwa „ 

VI. Akwabawa „ 

VII. Akwababa „ 

VIII. Akwabakwa ,, 



O if I had but loved, &c. 



Plural. 
Akwabasa — tanda. 



1. 

2. Akwabana 

3. IX. Akwababa 

X. Akwabaa 
XI. Akwabaza 
XII. Akwabaya 



» 



O if I had but not loved, &c. 



The Negative is akwaba prefixed to anditandanga, &c, the Negative of the Past Indefinite 
Tense of the Indicative Mood : thus, — 

Akwaba anditandanga, &c. 



39 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

If, &c. 

There is no separate form of the Verb to follow Conjunctions as if, &c. which imply condition- 
ality : ukuba 'if,' prefixed to the Tenses of the Indicative Mood supplies the place of the Subjunc- 
tive Mood : thus, — 

Ukuba diyatanda, &c. If I love, &c. 

THAT, IN ORDER THAT, &C. 

In many cases the apocopated form of the Present Perfect Tense ditande and ditandwe are 
used where in English, the Potential or Subjunctive Mood would be used : thus, — 

Diyahamba ukuba disize, I walk thAt I may help. 

Kwapuma umteto ku Kaiser Augustus ukuba lonke ilizwe libalwe linikele. There went out 

9, law from Caesar Augustus that the whole world should be registered, that it might mare 

AN offering. 

Xela elilitye LiBE-sisonka, Command this stone it be bread. 

Yinina ukuba nipike enkhliziweni zenu ? Why is it, that ye contend in your heart ? 

Wema ukuba afunde. He stood that he might read. 

when. 

To express when I love, or when I loved, &c. there are two forms of the Verb which may be 
used : as, — 

1st. The Infinitive Mood of the Verb is treated as a Noun in the Ablative case and followed 
by the Genitive case of the Pronoun : thus, — 

Ekutandeni kwam : In my loving, i. e. When I love or loved. 
Ekubuyeni kwake : In his returning, i. e. When he returned. 
Ekutandazeni kwetu : In our praying, i. e. When we prayed. 

2nd. The initial u, of the Infinitive Mood is cut off and its place supplied by certain Prefixes, 
according to the following examples : — ■ 





Singular 


I. 


Daku — tanda. 


2. 


Waku „ 


3i I. 


Aku „ 


II. 


Laku „ 


III. 


Yaku „ 


IV. 


Saku „ 


V. 


Lwaku „ 


VI. 


Aku „ 


VII. 


Baku „ 


VIII 


Kwaku „ 



When I love or loved, &c. 



1. 

2. Naku 

3. IX. Baku 

X. Aku 

XI. Zaku 

XII. Yaku 



Plural. 
Saku — tanda. 



'K. M 



40 



PARTICIPALS, GERUNDS, &C. 



The want of Participal forms is partly supplied by the Present Imperfect Tense No. 1. of the 
Indicative Mood, which see Page 24. 

The following examples of the peculiar use of the Infinitive Mood is something analogous to the 
Gerunds of the Latin Verb : — 



II. I-xesha lokulala : 

III. In-to yokuhamba : 

IV. Isi-tya sokupeka : 

I. Um-fazi gowokutanda : 

II. I-hashe lelokukwela : 

III. In-kosi yeyokugweba : 

IV. Isi-kanyiso sesokukanyisa : 
V, U-sana lolokutanda : 

VI. The same as No. I, 

VII. Ubu-so bobokukangela : 

VIII. Uku-tya kokokupeka : 

IX. Aba-ntu gabokutanda : 

X. Ama-nzi gawokusela : 

XI. Izi-kanyiso zezokukanyisa : 

XII. Imi-ti yeyokugaula : 



A time of sleeping, or to sleep. 
A thing of walking, or to walk. 
A vessel of cooking, or to cook with. 

A woman for the loving, or to love. 

A horse for the riding, or to ride. 

A Chief fo the ruling, or to rule. 

A light for the enlightening, or to enlighten. 

A child for the loving, or to love. 

A face for the looking, or to look. 
Food for the cooking, or to cook. 
People for the loving, or to love 
Waters for the driuKing, or to driuK. 
Lights for the enlightening, or to enhghten. 
Trees for the chopping down, or to chop down. 



INDEFINITE. Kuya-tanda 
IMPERFECT. Kusa-tanda, 
PERFECT. Kwa-tanda 

INDEFINITE. Kuya-taudwa, 
IMPERFECT. Kusa-tandwa, 
PERFECT. Kwa-tandwa, 



IMPERSONAL FORMS OF THE VERB. 

There loves. 
There yet is loving. 
There loved. 

There is being loved. 
There is yet being loved. 
There was loved. 



The above specimens will be sufficient, as their application to the other Tenses of the Verb is 
obvious. 

The other forms or conjugations of the Verb taKe the Prefixes as uru-tanda 



COMPOUND FORMS OF THE VERB. 



17. Besides the Prefixes of the Substantive Verb, many Verbs have certain Particles and other 
Verbs prefixed to them which qualify the meaning of the Verb. This must be Kept in mind as 
these composite forms of the Verb are of fi-equent occurrence. 



1. Kendi 

2. Bendikendi 

3. Dibendikendi 

4. Dandikendi 



COMPOUNDS OF KENDI OR KANDI, I SOMETIMES, I JUST LOVE, &C. 

tande I sometimes love. 

„ I did sometimes love. 



41 



18. The preceding examples will suffice, as the other Tenses take kendi or kandi in the same 
manner : observe that these compomid prefixes are only used before the apocopated form of the 
Verb, TANDE, and that when used they qualify the sense of the Verb by the addition of sometimes 
JUST, A LITTLE, to its primitive meaning : There will be no difficulty in forming the persons of 
the Singular and Plural Number, as the Tenses which take kendi or kandi after them are regu- 
larly formed : kendi or kandi is thus varied, — 

I sometimes love, &c plural. 

1. Kesi or Kasi — tanda. 

2. Keni or Kani „ 

3. IX. Kebe or Kabe „ 
X. Kea or Kaa „ 

XL Kezi or Kazi „ 
XII. Kei or Kai 



singular. 




1. Kendi or Kandi- 


-tande 


2. Keu or Kau 


}> 


3. I. Kea or Kaa 


>} 


II. Keli or Kali 


)i 


III. Kei or Kai 


>} 


IV. Kesi or Kasi 


}> 


V. Kelu or Kalu 


}} 


VI. Keu or Kau 


}> 


VII. Kebu or Kabu 


s> 


VIII. Keku or Kaku 


39 



I sometimes do not love, &c. 

The Negatives of kendi are formed from the Negatives of the Present Indefinite Tense, Indi- 
cative Mood prefixed to kendi-tande : thus, — 

Andikenditande, &c. 

compounds of kanda, I once loved^ &c. 

19. The Tenses which take kanda after them are regularly formed in their persons, with the ad- 
dition of KANDA and its variations, which are as follows, — 



singular. 

1. Kanda — tanda 

2. Kawa „ 

3. I. Kawa „ 
II. Kala 

III. Kaya „ 

IV. Kasa „ 
V. Kalwa „ 

VI. Kawa „ 
VII. Kaba 
VIII. Kakwa 



I once loved, &c. 



PLURAL. 



1. 
2. 

3. IX. Kaba 
X. Kaa 
XI. Kaza 
XII. Kaya 



Kasa — tanda 
Kana 



20. Kanda can only be used before the tanda form of the Verb, unless it take di or its compound 
after it : thus, — 

Kandandi-tandile, I once had loved. 



42 

21. The Negatives of kanda are formed from the Negatives of the Verb ukuza to come : thus, — 

Kanda-tanda, I once loved. Andizanga-nditande or Andizanga-ndatanda, I did not 
once love or I never once loved. 

COMPOUNDS OF SA, YET &C. 

22. Sa can be placed before the root and after prefixes ending in di, and adds the sense of yet 
to the meaning of the Verb : thus, — 

DisAtanda, I am yet loving. Andi-satandi, I don't love any more. 

BendisAtanda, I was yet loving. Bendi-ngasatandi, I was not loving any more. 

23. Sometimes it is prefixed to the Infinitive of the Verb, and takes the prefixes of the Tenses : 
this form is very similar to the Future in rus of the Latin Verb. 

DisAkutanda, I am yet going to love or when I love. 

BendisAkutanda, I was yet going to love. 

DiyakubandisAkutanda, I shall be yet going to love. 

AndisAkutanda, &c. I will not yet love, &c. 

COMPOUNDS OF SENDI, I AM ALREADY LOVING, &C. 

24. The Tenses which take sendi after them are regularly formed in their persons, with the addi- 
tion of SENDI and its variations which are as follows : — 



Sing. I am already loving, &c. Plural. 



2. 


Sendi 

Seu or Selu 


3. I. 


See or Sele 


11. 


Seli 


III. 


Sei 


IV. 


Sesi 


V. 


Selu 


VI. 


Seu or Selu 


VII. 


Sebu 


VIII. 


Seku 



tanda. 



Sesi — tanda, 

Seni „ 

IX. Sebe „ 

X. Sele or See 

XI. Sezi „ 

XII. Sei 



1. 

2. 
3. 



Sing. I am not yet loving, &c. 
Andika — tandi 
Akuka „ 



Plural. 
Asika — tandi 
Anika „ 
Abaka „ 
/iKaKa „ 
Azika „ 
Ayika „ 



Akaka „ 
Alika „ 

Ayika „ 

Aluka „ 

Awuka „ 

Abuka „ 

Akuka „ 
Also Dingeka-tandi &c. as the 1st. Negative of the 
Present Imperfect Tense with the addition of ka : see 
Page 24. 



TENSES COMPOUNDED WITH VERBS, &C. 



25. Many Verbs are so combined with the Prefixes of other Verbs that they may be easily mista- 
ken for new forms of Prefixes : the following examples will serve to guard the Student against 
this error, — 

Doza-ndisize, I will come and help. Daba-nditande, I thought I loved. 

Zusize, come, thou and help. Daba-ndiyatanda, I did think I loved then. 



k 



43 

26. Sometimes da, is inserted in the Prefix of the Verb, meaning at length, &c. thus, — 

Dc-da-nditande, I will at length love. 
Da-da-ndatanda, at length I loved. 

27. Sometimes dide is prefixed, with the same meaning as the preceding, — 

Dide-ndatanda, at length I loved. 

Ude-watanda, at length thou loved. 

Ude-watanda, at length he loved. 

Side-satanda, at length we loved. 

Nide-natanda, at length ye loved. 

Bada-batanda, at length they loved. 

PECULIAR FORMS OF THE TENSES. 

28. Manandi is inserted between the Prefix and the Verb, to express continuance, thus, — 

Di-mananditanda, I continue loving. 

Bendi-mananditanda, I was continuing to love. 

Do-mananditanda, I will continue loving. 

Dinga-mananditanda, I may be continuing to love. 

29. Sandulu and Sandu are inserted before the Infinitive of the Verb to express an action which is 
just finished : thus, — 

Disandulukusiza, I have just now been helping. 
Bendisandulukusiza, I had just then been helping. 

VERBS USED INTERROGATIVELY. 

30. Verbs are used interrogatively by the addition of na to the terminations : the difference of 
accent will distinguish a Verb which is used in this sense from the Reciprocal form of the Verb no- 
ticed Page 21 : — 

Diyatandana ? Do I love ? 

Benditandana ? Was I loving ? 

Ditandilena ? Have I loved ? 



l2 



44 



SECTION 7th. 



Vowel Verbs : and Verbs irregular in the inflected Tenses. 



1. Verbs which suffer contraction in the Infinitive Mood are irregular in the Present Indefinite 
the Present Imperfect^ the Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite, and the Future Present Indefinite 
Tenses of the Indicative Mood, and in all other Tenses derived from them both in the Indicative 
Imperative and Potential Moods. 

2. An irregular Verb may generally be known by the second person singular of the Imperative 
Mood, which in all irregular Verbs begins with Y : thus, — 

Yiva : hear. Ukuva : to hear. 

Yiza : come. Ukuza : to come. 

3. But when uku the sign of the Infinitive is followed by y : then the Verb is regular although 
the Imperative begins with y : thus, — 

Yeka : let alone. Ukuyeka : to let alone. 

Yoba : to intoxicate. Uukuyoba : to be intoxicated. 

CONTRACTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

4. The Infinitive Mood of Irregular Verbs is contracted as follows, — 

1st. When the Im.perative begins with yi, by leaving out the first syllable of the Imperative 
which is the Root, before the sign of the Infinitive, thus, — 

Yiva, hear : Ukuva, to hear, not Ukuyiva. 

Yiti, say : Ukuti, to say, not Ukuyiti. 

Yiwa, fall : Ukuwa, to fall, not Ukuyiwa. 

2nd. When the Imperative begins with ya, ye, yo, by contracting the u of the sign of the Infi- 
nitive and the y of the root into w : thus, — 

Yanda: increase. Ukwanda : to increase : not Ukuyanda. 
Yenza : make. Ukwenza : to make : not Ukuyenza. 

Yoja : toast. Ukwoja : to toast : no,t Ukuyoja. 



45 

3rd. But when the Imperative begins with yo, very frequently the u of the sign of the Infinitive 
and the y of the root are left out : thus, — 

Yoja : toast. Ukoja : to toast : not Ukuyoja. 
Yoma : thirst Ukoma : to thirst : not Ukuyoma. 

' IRREGULARITIES OF THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

5. The Vowel Verbs which alone are irregular in consequence of the contraction which takes 
place in uniting the Prefixes of the Substantive Verb to the root which is conjugated, may be divi- 
ded into three Classes : — ■ 

The FIRST Class is distinguished by diye in the Present Indefinite, and de in the Past Indefi- 
nite Tense. 

Diyeva, I hear. Deva, I heard : from Ukuva, to hear. 

The second class is distinguished by diya in the Present Indefinite and da in the Past Inde- 
finite Tense : — 

Diyaka, I build. Daka, I built : from Ukwaka to build. 

The third class is distinguished by diyo in the Present Indefinite, and do in the Past Indefi- 
nite Tense, — 



Diyoja, I toast 



Doja, I toasted : fjom Ukwoja or Ukoja, to toast. 



6. There are two forms of Verbs of the first Class, owing to a slight variation in the Present Im- 
perfect and Present Perfect Tenses : — 

Present Indefinite Tense. 



Sing. 


No 


. 1. Plural. 


No. 2. 


1. Diye — va. 




Siye — va. 


Diyenza &c. the same as Diyeva. 


2. Uye „ 




Niye „ 




3. I. Uye „ 




IX. Baye „ 




II. Liye „ 




X. Aye „ 




III. lye „ 




XI. Ziye „ 




IV. Siye ,, 




XII. lye „ 




V. Luye „ 






VI. Uye „ 






VII. Buye „ 






VIII. Kuye „ 









M 



46 



Present Imperfect Tense. 





No. 1. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


1. Di-siva, 

2. U „ 

3. L E „ 


Si-siva 
Ni „ 
IX. Be „ 



SINGULAR. 

1. Di-senza, 

2. U „ 

3. I. E „ 



No. 2. 

PLURAL. 

Si-senza, 
U „ 
IX. Be „ 



The other prefixes as those of the Present Imperfect Tense of the Regular Verb, see page 24. 

Present Perfect Tense. 



Singular. . 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


1. Di-vile, 


Si-vile, 


I. De — nzile, j 


Se — nzile. 


2. U „ 


Ni „ 


2. We 


is 


Ne „ 


3. I. U „ 


IX. Be „ 


3. I. We 


}} 


IX. Be „ 


T-Tf -■. • -^^ JJ 




II. Le 


„ 


X. E 


The other Prefixes as 


above. 


III. Ye 


» 


XL Ze „ 






IV. Se 


}f 


XII. Ye „ 






V. Lwe 


)> 








VI. We 


}> 








VII. Be 


}} 








VIII. Kwe 


}> 






Past Indej 


%nite Tense. 






singular. 


plural. 








1. De — va. 


Se — va. 


Denza &c 


the same as Deva. 


2. We „ 


Ne „ 








3. I. We ,> 


IX. Be „ 









The other prefixes are the same as those of De-nzile the Present Perfect Tenses. 

Future Present Indefinite. 



singular. 

1. Do — ^va, 

2. Wo „ 
3. 1. Wo „ 

II. Lo „ 

III. Yo „ 

IV. So „ 
V. Lwo „ 

VI. Wo „ 

VII. Bo „ 

VIII. Kwo „ 



plural 

So- 

No 

IX. Bo 

X. O 

XI. Zo 

XII Yo 



■va. 



Diyakuva, &c. is regular as Diyakutanda. 



The same as Dova, v^hen this form of the 
Future is used which is very seldom in Verbs 
of the 2nd. form. 



Diyawkenza is regular as Diyakutanda, &c. 



47 



VOWEL VERBS OF THE SECOND CLASS. 



7- There are also two forms of the Verbs of this Class owing to a similar variation in the Pre- 
sent Imperfect and Present Perfect Tenses. 



Present Indefinite Tense. 



No. 1. 



SINGULAR. 

1. Diya — ka, 

2. Uya 

3. I. Uya „ 



PLURAL. 



Siya — ka, 
Niya „ 
IX. Baya „ 



No. 2. 
Diya-fa &c. as Diyaka. 



The other Prefixes are regular as Diyatanda. 

Present Imperfect Tense. 

Di-saka^ &c. | Di-sifa, &c. 

Both forms take the Prefixes as the Present Imperfect Tense of the Regular Verb. 

Present Perfect Tense. 



s 


INGULAR. 


1. 


Da— 


kile. 


2. 


Wa 


)} 


3. I. 


Wa 


)} 


II. 


La 


}} 


III. 


Ya 


)) 


IV. 


Sa 


}> 


V. 


Lwa 


}} 


VI. 


Wa 


)} 


VII. 


Ba 


}) 


VIIL 


Kwa 


}> 



Plural. 



Sa— 


-kil( 


Na 


» 


IX. Ba 


}} 


X. A 


}} 


XL Za 


» 


[II. Ya 


}> 



e. 



Di— file &c. 

The other Prefixes as the Present Perfect Tense of 
the Regular Verb. 



Past Indefinite Tense. 

Da-ka, &c. Da-fa, &c. 

The other Prefixes of both forms as those of Da-kile 

Future Present Indefinite. 

Do-ka, &c. Do-fa, &c. 

The other Prefixes of both forms as those of Do-va. 

M 2 



48 

VOWEL VERBS OF THE THIRD CLASS. 

8. There is only one form of the Verb of this Class. 

Present Indefinite Tense. 



Singular 


Plural. 


1. Diyo— ja. 


Siyo— ja 


2. Uyo „ 


Niyo „ 


3. I. Uyo „ 


IX. Bayo „ 


11. Liyo „ 


X. Ayo „ 


III. lyo „ 


XI. Ziyo „ 


IV. Siyo „ 


XII. lyo „ 


V. Luyo „ 




VI. Uyo „ 




VII. Buyo „ 




VIII. Kuyo ,, 





Present Imperfect Tense. 
Di-soja &c. as the Present Imperfect Tense of the Regular Verb. 

Present Perfect Tense. 
Do-jile &c. the other Prefixes as Do-va. 

Past Indefinite Tense. 
Do-ja &;c. the other Prefixes as Do-va. 

Future Present Indefinite. 
Diyakwoja or Diyakoja &c. : the other Prefixes as those of the Regular Verb. 

NEGATIVES OF THE THREE CLASSES OF VOWEL VERBS 

9. The Irregularities of a few Tenses being noted, the others will be easily understood by analo- 
gy : one form of each Class will be sufficient for Examples. 

10. It will not be necessary to give examples of the Negatives of all the Tenses : the Negatives of 
the Present Indefinite, the Present Imperfect, the Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite and the Past 
Imperfect Tenses of the Indicative Mood, and the Present Indefinite Tense of the Potential Mood 
v/ill be sufficient. 



49 



Present Indefinite Tense. 



Sing, class 


1st. 


2nd. 


3rd. 


Plural. 


1st. 


2nd. 


3rd 


1. And 


ivi 


aki 


oji_ 


1. As 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


2. Ak 


uvi 


waki 


woji 


2. An 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


3. I. Ak 


evi 


aki 


oji 


3. IX. Ab 


evi 


aki 


oji 


II. Al 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


X. Ak 


evi 


aki 


oji 


III. Ay 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


XI. Az 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


IV. As 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


XII. Ay 


ivi 


aki 


oji 


V. Al 


uvi 


waki 


oji 










VI. Aw 


uvi 


aki 


oji 










VII. Ab 


uvi 


aki 


oji 










VIII. Ak 


uvi 


waki 


woji 











1st. Class. 
2nd. 
3rd. „ 



1st. Class. 
2nd. „ 
3rd. „ 



Present Imperfect Tense. 

Dingevi or Dingavi, &c. 
Dingeki or Dingaki. 
Dingojij &c. 

Present Perfect Tense. 

Dingevanga or Dingavanga, &c. 
Dingekanga or Dingakanga, &c. 
Dingojanga, Sic. 

Past Indefinite Tense. 



Sing, class 


1st. 


2nd. 


3rd. 


Plural. 


1st. 


2nd. 


1. And 


eva 


aka 


oja 


1. As 


eva 


aka 


2. Akw 


» 


3} 


33 


2. An 


33 


33 


3. I. Ak 


» 




>3 


33 


3. IX. Ab 


33 


'3 


II. Al 


)> 




» 


33 


X. Ak 


3> 


33 


III. Ay 


» 


J 


3 


33 


XI. Az 


33 


33 


IV, As 


}> 




13 


33 


XII. Ay 


33 


-33 


V. Alw 


)} 




13 


33 








VI. Aw 


» 




>3 


33 








VII. Ab 


>) 




)3 


33 








VIII. Akw 


3) 




t3 


3t 









Past Imperfect Tense. 

1st. Class. Bendingavi, or Bendingavanga, &c. 
2nd. „ Bendingaki, or Bendingakanga, &c. 
3rd. „ Bendingoji, or Bendingojanga, &c. 



3rd. 
oja 



33 
33 



50 



POTENTIAL MOOD. 



Present Indefinite Tense, 

1st. Class. Andingeve, &c. 
2nd. „ Andingeke, &c. 

3rd. „ Andingoje, &c. 

1 1. In reference to the irregularities of the Vowel Verbs whether in the Affirmative or Negative, 
the preceding examples are amply sufficient to guide the student in the application of the Rules 
to the other Tenses of the Verb : the irregularities only exist when diya, di, da or do being pla- 
ced as Prefixes before a Root beginning with a Vowel, suffer contraction or take s between them 
and the Root to prevent an hiatus : the Tenses whose Prefixes end in ku are regularly formed 
from the Infinitive : thus, — 

Diyakuva from Ukuva. 
Diyakwenza „ Ukwenza. 
Diyakoja „ Ukoja. 

12. Some Verbs with roots ending in a, are susceptible of a triffing irregularity in the Present Im- 
perfect Tense of the Indicative Mood : for example, — 



Ukuma : 


to stand. 


Dimi : 


I standing. 


Ukuhlala : 


to sit or live. 


Dihleli : 


I being alive or living. 


Ukumita : 


to be pregnant. 


Emiti : 


she being pregnant. 



Probably these exceptions are remains of obsolete forms or have arisen from dialectic varieties in 
pronounciation. 

13. In analyzing the Tenses of the Kafir Verb, care must be taken not to confound the n which 
so frequently occurs before d and g, with the Prefixes themselves : n in such cases is simply epen- 
thetic : also the syllable yo which is frequently appended to the Verb forms no part of it, but is 

simply PARAGOGIC. 

IRREGULARITIES IN THE INFLECTED TENSeS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 

14. It will be seen by the Paradigm of the Regular Verb that the termination of the Root is 
changed from a into ile, in the Present Perfect Tense and its derivatives ; thus the Verb 

Tanda, makes Ditandile. 

15. But when the Verb ends in la, a contraction takes place, and instead of saying 

Nyula, Dinyulile : the Kafirs say Dinyule, using the apocopated form of the Root. 



51 

16. In the Passive Voice the Regular Verb forms its Passive from the Active, thus, — 

Present Indefinite Tense. Present Perfect Tense. 

ACTIVE. Diya-tanda. Di-tandile or Di-tande. 

PASSIVE. Diya-tandwa. Di-tandiwe or Ditandwe. 

17. A very considerable number of Verbs vary from from this general rule in the formation of the 
Passive Voice, and may be classed as follows : — 

1st. Bamba, Bumba, Pambusa and others of the same form, make in the Passive, Banjwa, 
Banjiwe, Banjwe, &c. 

2nd. Bubisa, Gubula and others of the same form, make in the Passive Bujiswa, Bujisiwe, 
BUJISWE, &c. 

3rd. Tabata, Guba, Gweba, Toba, Libala and others of the same form, make in the Passive 
Tatyatwa, Tatyatiwe, Tatytwe, &c. 

4th. BoPA, Pepeta, Petula and others of the same form, make in the Passive, Botshwa, 

BOTSHIWE, BoTSHWE, &C. 

5th. Mema, Tuma, Pakamisa and others of the same form, make in the Passive, Menywa, 
Menyiwe, Menywe, &c. 

6th. LuKA and others of the same form, make in the Passive, Luswa, Lusiwe, Luswe, &c. 

the substantive verb ukuba, to be, before nouns and adjectives. 

18. When Nouns follow the Substantive Verb, they are joined to it according to the forms in the 
first column of the 26th. Paragraph of the 3rd. Section on the 9th. Page : for example, — 

Dingu Pato : I am Pato. Bangamadoda : they are men. 

Uligosa : he is a steward. Ebengumfazi : she was a woman. 

19. The Substantive Verb is followed by Adjectives in the following manner : — 

Singular. I am great, &c. 

1. Di-mkulu, rabi, rara. 

2. U- 

3. I. U- „ 
II. Li-kulu bi, 

III. I-nkulu mbi, 

IV. Si-kulu bi 
V. Lu-kulu „ 

VI. U-mkulu mbi 
VII. Bu-kulu bi, 
VIII. Ku- „ „ 

N 2 



)> 

!) 



Plural. 






1. Si-bakulu, 


babi. 


rara. 


2. Ni- „ 


f> 


)) 


3. IX. Ba- „ 


bi 


}j 


X. Ma- „ 


>3 


Arara, 


XL Zi- „ 


}} 


rara. 


XII. Mi „ 


}} 


}' 



52 

20. The other Tenses of the Verb are followed by the Adjectives according to the preceding 
form : — 

Ihashe belilikulu : the horse was great. 

Umtu uyakuba mkulu : the person will be great. 

THE VERB UKUBANAYO, TO HAVE, BEFORE NOuNS. 

21. This Verb varies in its termination according to the Class of Nouns to which it refers, thus, 
Ukubana,— I. Ye, II. Lo, III. Yo, IV. So, V. Lo, VI. Wo, VII. Bo, VIII. Ko, IX. Bo, 
X. Wo, XL Zo, XII. Yo. It takes the Prefixes of the Verb Ukuba (see ukutanda.) with the 
addition of naye, nalo, &c. 

22. When followed by Nouns, the initial u, or i of the Noun is changed into o, and e : but the 
vowels o, and a, when initial in such Nouns remain unaltered : 

Umtu unobulumko, the person has wisdom. 
Umfazi unenthlu, the woman has a house. 

Ihashe linamanthla, the horse has strength. 

23. It is needless to give a separate paradigm of the Prefixes of the Substantive Verb as they will 
be found prefixed to the model Ukutanda. 



SECTION 8th. 



Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions. 



1 . The following are the principal : — 

Nanko : " There he is " and Nanku : " Here he is " are thus varied according to the Noun to 
which they refer : — 

Nantsi. 
Nangu. 
Naba. 
Nantsi. 



I. 


Nanko, 


Nanku. 


II. 


Nalo, 


Nali. 


III. 


Nantso, 


IV. 


Naso, 


Nasi. 


V. 


Nalo, 


Nalu. 


VI. 


Nango, 


VII. 


Nabo, 


Nabu. 


VIII. 


Nanko, 


Nanku. 


IX. 


Nabo, 


X. 


Nango, 


Nanga. 


XI. 


Nanzo, 


Nanzi. 


XII. 


Nantso, 



53 



Apa, 
Apo, 
Apa napaya. 

Ewe, 
Emini, 

Futi, 

Gomso, 

Gemihla, 

Gokuba, 

Genxa ukuba, 

Gakumbi, 

Gase, 

Gaku, 

Go, Ge, 

Gapanthle, 

Gako, Goko, 



Hai, 

Izolo, yesterday. 

Incinane gakumbi, less. 

Kaloku, 

Kusasa, 

Kade, 

Kude, 

Kamsinyane, 

Kanjako, 

Kona, 

Kanye, 

Kang-ako, 

Kweyesinene, 



here. 

there. 

here and there. 

yes. 

at midday. 

often. 

to morrow : this morning. 

daily. 

because. 

because of. 

more, 
(prefixed to Neuters) near by. 
(prefixed to Personals) „ „ 

on account of. 

besides, without. 

therefore. 

no. 



now. 

early. 

a long time ago. 

far off. 

quickly. 

again, also. 

there. 

exactly, at once. 

as much as that. 

to the right. 



Kwesokunene, to the right. 
Nouns which follow Prepositions take kw before their Prefix : thus, — 



Kweyesikohlo, 

Kweyesanxele, 

Kodwa, 

Kunye, 

Kufupi, 

Kwa, Kwe, 

Koko, 

Kungoko, 

Kwada, 

Kude, 

Kanti, 

Kambe, 

Kunene, 

Malungela, 

Namhla, 

Nakancinane, 

Ne, 

Nangona, 

Noko, 

Oko, 
Oku, 

Paya, 

Pezolo, 

Pofu, 

Ukuba. 
Umhlaumbi, 
Ungabi, 
Ukuze, 

Xeshikweni, 

Xa, 



to the left. 

to the left. 

only, but. 

together. 

near. 

at, even. 

but. 

it is therefore. 

at length. 

untill. 

whilst. 

of course. 

truly. 

paralell with. 

to-day. 

not at all. 

or, and, with. 

although. 

nevertheless. 

then, that, (indt.) when, 
this, (indefinitely.) 

there. 

last night. 

how then. []that. 

for, if, whether, because, 

perhaps. 

lest. 

in order that. 

when, 
when. 



Pezu kwomhlaba, 
Kamva kwexesha. 



upon the ground, 
after the time. 



3. The following are the principal Prepositions :- 

Pantsi, beneath, on the ground. 
Pesheya, beyond, on the other side. 



Ele, 


beyond. 


Panthle, 


without,, outside. 


Ezantsi, 


beneath, under. 


Pezulu, 


above. 


Pezu, 


upon. 



Pambi, pambile, before. 



Ese, 


on the other side of. 


Ganeno, 


on this side. 


Pakati, 


within, among. 


Emva, 


behind. 


Kamva, 


after. 



54 

4. Ke, je, bo are sometimes appended to words with the sense of then, truly : among the Zulus 
NA is used in the same manner : — 

Yininake ? wherefore ? 
Kalokunje, now-then. 
Ewe-bo, yes-truly. 

5. Ra, is sometimes added to words with the sense of the English syllable ish : — 

Into ibomvura, the thing is reddish. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

6. The Interjections are — 

Mawo ! Wonderful ! Oh ! Yo ! Au ! He ! E ! 



FINIS. 



:if.y '^'O'^L 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: August 2007 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

111 Thomson Park Dnve 
Cranberry Township, PA 16056 



„«,!,5,fl.'!^.!i!^ O"" CONGRESS 



020 938 982 4 







'_ »' 






